Analysis of child poverty lived experience responses and evidence review

This factual analysis has been compiled by Arad researchers on behalf of the Welsh Government.

Background

Arad Research was commissioned by the Welsh Government to analyse feedback from respondents to the Welsh Government child poverty lived experience engagement exercise. Arad was also tasked with reviewing ten published evidence sources on lived experience of poverty in Wales as provided by Welsh Government. 

The Children and Families (Wales) Measure 2010 places a duty on Welsh Ministers to set child poverty objectives and to report every three years on progress towards achieving those objectives. These objectives, rooted in what the evidence says can have the most impact, focus on reducing numbers of children living in workless households, increasing skills of parents and young people, reducing inequalities in education, health and economic outcomes, creating a strong economy and labour market, and increasing household income.

The Child Poverty Strategy Progress Report is intended to show progress in achieving the child poverty objectives, how it is experienced in Wales and whether any Welsh Government interventions are making a difference. One of the key reporting routes as part of this report is to analyse evidence from people with lived experience of poverty. This report therefore provides a summary of the key themes emerging from the evidence reviewed relating to the impacts of poverty, the impact of support available and barriers to accessing support.

Methodology 

The desk-based approach involved two strands: analysis of written responses to a lived experience engagement survey, and an evidence review of selected published evidence of lived experience. 

Thematic analysis of written responses to a lived experience engagement survey 

Welsh Government allocated small grant funding to third sector, community groups, or organisations who specialise in supporting, engaging, or working alongside individuals, including those with protected characteristics, who have experienced poverty. These groups held discussions and engagement events in order to capture participants’ views and experiences.

A total of 39 organisations were commissioned to support this work. Funding was also provided for the County Voluntary Councils across Wales via the Wales Council for Voluntary Action (WCVA). Eight CVCs provided event responses through the WCVA. Between them, these organisations facilitated at least 221 consultation events across 19 local authority areas in Wales during summer 2025 (see Annex 1 for more details). These events varied in scale, and some involved small groups of around four people, while others were larger events with over 100 participants. However, because detailed participant counts were not always recorded, it is not possible to estimate the total number of individuals who took part. Where this information was collected, organisations reported reaching over 3,000 people.

In addition to group discussions, individuals were also given the opportunity to complete the survey themselves. In total, 892 completed responses were received. These include 313 individual responses, with the rest being group responses, either summarised by facilitators or completed by individuals within a group setting. For some of the 892 responses, it is not possible to determine whether the response came from an individual or a group. Therefore, throughout this report, we refer to 892 ‘responses’, the exact number of individuals who contributed is not known.

To ensure the survey process was as straightforward as possible, no formal demographic data was collected. However, the organisations were asked to confirm they worked with a wide range of communities and people living in poverty, including those with protected characteristics. The list of organisations is included in Annex 1. From the content of the responses, it is clear that some came from young people, while others were submitted by facilitators working with groups of children or young people. Many responses are from parents and carers of children of various ages. In some cases, participants referred to their ethnic background, disability, or caring responsibilities when describing their experiences.

An initial coding framework was developed based on the 3 core survey questions (Q1.b, Q2 and Q3). This framework was refined iteratively as themes emerged from the data. Themes were identified both within and across the three questions:

• Impact of support received: exploring perceived changes in wellbeing, stability, and opportunity.
• Barriers to accessing support: identifying systemic, social, and logistical obstacles.
• Future support needs: capturing aspirations and priorities for Welsh Government action.

Evidence review

The Welsh Government Child Poverty External Reference Group were asked to provide details of lived experience groups and submit relevant published evidence as an initial mapping exercise. Welsh Government officials also undertook a further search of recent and relevant Welsh and UK lived experience reports. Ten evidence sources were pre-selected by the Welsh Government team to be reviewed as part of this research. Three of these sources were different versions of one set of findings and so the total number of research reports reviewed was eight. Arad took a Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) approach, focused on detailed data extraction and assessment of the evidence. 

A summary of the phases involved in this strand of the study are as follows:

1. Data familiarisation (an initial review of the evidence sources to establish the type of evidence or type of study, the scope and focus of the documents).
2. Development of an evidence audit form, which was used to extract key findings from the sources in relation to lived experience of poverty in a structured and systematic way.
3. Full-text review of all sources and population of the evidence audit forms for each source.

A summary of each evidence source can be found in Annex 2. 

Types of support

Survey question 1a

“Between 2022 and 2025, what types of help or support do you remember receiving? (tick all that apply)”

In response to this survey question respondents selected from a range of services they had accessed. Figure 1 presents the percentage of respondents who reported receiving each type of support, with Free School Meals (Primary School) the most cited support.

Figure 1: support received (% yes responses)

• Discretionary Assistance Fund: 19.7%
• Foodbanks / Food Pantry: 37.1%
• Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA) (Post-16): 10.0%
• Single Advice Fund (Citizens Advice & Partners): 10.3%
• Fuel Bank Vouchers: 7.8%
• Free School Meals (Primary School): 45.0%
• Help with Council Tax (Reduction Scheme): 30.2%
• Warm Homes Programme (NEST): 10.8%
• Free School Meals (Secondary School): 23.5%
• Healthy Start Vouchers: 11.3%
• Free / Subsidised Childcare: 12.1%
• School Essentials Grant: 25.0%
• Disabled Facilities Grant (Home Adaptations): 5.3%
• Further Education Learning Grant: 6.3%
• Free / Subsidised Eyecare or Dental Treatment: 40.4%
• Other (please specify): 40.4%

892 responses were received to this question: some were from individuals, and some were from a summary of a group discussion.

Note on interpreting the data

The 892 responses include both individual and group submissions. In some cases, a single response may reflect the experiences of multiple people (e.g. a facilitator summarising a group discussion), while in others, individuals within a group submitted separate responses. As a result, the percentages shown in Figure 1 reflect the number of responses indicating each type of support, not the number of individuals who received it. This means the data should be interpreted with caution. For example, a group of 20 people may have submitted one response indicating use of a service, while another group may have submitted 20 individual responses, potentially skewing the overall figures. Likewise, it is not possible to determine how frequently a particular type of support was used or how widely it was experienced. For instance, the Welsh Refugee Council was frequently cited as a source of support, but these mentions came from individual responses generated during group sessions facilitated by the organisation. This means a high number of mentions for a type of support may reflect the structure of the consultation and the organisations involved rather than the actual number of people who received the support.

Under the 'Other' category, many respondents chose to expand on their experiences with food support, named foodbanks or clarified the nature of support received through free school meals.

The most frequently cited other source of support in the responses was the Welsh Refugee Council, which was mentioned repeatedly for providing food, clothing, transport, and emergency assistance. Although it should be noted that most of these were individual responses as a result of group sessions facilitated by the Welsh Refugee Council. Following this, a group of benefits, including Universal Credit, Personal Independence Payment (PIP), and Disability Living Allowance (DLA), were commonly referenced. The next most frequently mentioned group of specified items were related to the early years - Flying Start and the Sure Start Maternity Grant. Free transport to school or college also appeared in several responses. A smaller number of participants referred to advice services, particularly from Citizens Advice; to mental health support; and to advice and direct support from charities and others (e.g. Action for Children, the Cavell Trust for nurses, Glasspool charity trust) alongside a handful of local authority-specific grants.

Impact of support on families and children

Survey question 1b

“Did the support you received have any impact on you or your family (positively or negatively)?”

This question aimed to explore whether changes to policy or interventions over the past three years have had a positive or negative effect on the lives of children/young people/families in the immediate (crisis response) or longer term (help to develop pathways out of poverty). Respondents were invited to provide additional information via an open text comment box.

Of the 892 responses received to this question - some individual responses, some responses a summary of a group - around two thirds (590 of the responses received) reported some form of positive impact. More specifically, 360 responses reported support which had an immediate impact during a time of crisis, while 419 responses reported support which had a longer-term effect on their lives or families. However, the true number is likely higher, as some responses that selected “No” to this question went on to describe positive outcomes in their open-text responses to a later question.

Main themes

Respondents were invited to provide information via an open text comment box, and 612 responses were received. Most answers were framed around the positive impact of the support received. Negative comments tended to focus on insufficient support or barriers to access, issues are explored further in responses to Question 2.

It is important to note that the issues raised were often interconnected. Respondents often described multiple, interconnected impacts and barriers. While responses are grouped thematically for clarity, many comments cut across several themes. Similarly, the quotes included throughout this section often refer to more than one issue or experience. These quotes are drawn from a mix of respondents, both individuals and facilitators, and are not attributed to specific respondents.

Overview

The responses show that support from the Welsh Government and elsewhere has had a broadly positive impact on respondents, particularly in helping them manage the cost of living and meeting basic needs. Many participants described the various support as “essential,” “a lifeline,” or “massively helpful,” especially during times of crisis. The most frequently mentioned were those that provided immediate relief, such as foodbanks, free school meals, and emergency grants, as well as those that enabled longer-term stability, like covering childcare costs and education / uniform grants. However, there were also recurring points raised in those answers to the question on impact around eligibility gaps, stigma, and the complexity of accessing support, especially for asylum seekers, disabled individuals, and families with fluctuating needs.

Many responses did not go into detail and listed the types of support received without explicitly stating whether the impact of the support was positive or negative, or explaining how it had made a difference. They used the open text box to note answers such as “foodbank,” “childcare,” or “school uniform."

Where more details were supplied the most frequently raised themes were:

• Food related support: either listed as the type of support (most respondents) or an explanation of how this was making a difference (small number of respondents):
  • Foodbanks.
  • Free School Meals.
• Emergency financial help and support with essential costs (such as healthy start vouchers, and crisis grants).
• Housing support (including heating, help with utility bills, help with furniture).
• Access to education:
  • Grants towards school uniform.
  • Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA).
• Childcare.
• Access to advice and support.
• Observations of how that support have made a difference: less anxiety, immediately being fed.

Note that most respondents referred directly to the 15 types of support listed in Figure 1, as these were the prompts that preceded the open question. However, some individuals and groups mentioned a wider range of topics, including support from charities, various organisations, or UK-level benefits. These responses have been included, but as they were not prompted, we cannot draw firm conclusions about their relative importance.

Food support

Foodbanks and food pantries were the most frequently mentioned form of support and often described as something that proved vital during periods of crisis. They were particularly relied upon during benefit delays, financial crises, or periods of change, such as relationship breakdown or losing income.

Points raised included:

• Foodbanks helped families survive difficult periods, offering immediate relief when other support was unavailable.

“The foodbank helped when we were desperate.”

“FSMs have been a lifesaver with longer-term help, because I lost so much money coming out of work. The CTR [Council Tax Reduction] and SEG [School Essentials Grant] also helped soften that blow, so we did just about manage when we transferred over. When I had to take full custody of the kids, and I couldn’t work as much, that was more of a crisis thing and the foodbank was helpful.  I refused to use it once I was back on my feet but we do still use it for help at Christmas. The way things are increasing, we may end up having to need the foodbank again; we’re just trying our best not to do it. It was vital at the time when I did, and at Christmas it massively helps us out.”

“Free school meals and food from foodbanks reduced pressure at home and meant they were able to go to school having eaten, which helped them to concentrate and feel included alongside their peers.”

Group facilitator.

“The food parcels helped me feed my children when I had nothing. I called the Council helpline and I get the support.”

• They were especially important for single parents and those facing energy poverty, with some noting the value of food that didn’t require cooking.

“Foodbanks are important for single parents. Sometimes you can get food that doesn’t need to be cooked, which helps when there’s no gas or electricity.”

• There were some limitations and frustrations, such as lack of culturally appropriate food, limited availability or issues with access. Furthermore, despite their value, some families experienced stigma or embarrassment when accessing foodbanks.

“Parents described feeling reluctant to use them, but appreciated the option of collecting plain, pre-packed bags, which reduced the sense of shame.”

Group facilitator.

“Some parents also spoke about accessing the foodbank. While they expressed a sense of shame in needing to use it and were reluctant to admit this in front of others, they explained that being able to collect a plain, pre-packed bag made the process less stigmatising. They also appreciated that it introduced their families to foods they might not otherwise have bought, which in some cases encouraged them to try new meals.”

Group facilitator.

“Parents participating in the event shared stories of the relief they felt when they were told that they could access foodbank however, parents talked of not wanting to go and visit their nearest one for fear of being recognised. The shame of this meant they needed to travel and one parent told us how difficult this was when they had no money for a bus and no one to look after their youngest child which left them struggling to carry the items. All parents agreed that the system isn’t set up for people to attend locally (embarrassing) and those who don’t drive or have children with them.”

Group facilitator.

• The impact was both immediate and longer-term, with foodbanks helping families manage during crises and easing the transition back to work or stability. In short, foodbanks helped reduce food bills and provided a crucial safety net.

Food support: Free School Meals

Free school meals were also described as “a massive help,” “a lifesaver,” and “essential for wellbeing.” Respondents highlighted their role in reducing stigma, alleviating financial pressure, and ensuring children are fed during the school day, contributing to improved concentration, inclusion, and overall wellbeing.

Points raised included:

• Free school meals were said to reduce stress and financial strain for families, particularly during term time. Parents expressed relief at not having to worry about daily meal provision.

“Free school meals have helped massively. That is one cost that has positively affected our lives. My son rarely has packed lunch as meals are free and saves us money on our weekly shop.”

“We don’t have to worry about meals in term time.”

“School meals are really helpful as reduces stress and money worries.”

“I couldn’t afford food if I had to pay for school dinners as well as provide for other meals.”

• The provision of a hot and healthy meal each day was seen as a major benefit. The scheme was praised for promoting equity and reducing stigma, helping children feel included and able to focus in school.

“Free school meals has made our lives much easier and ensured the children have a hot meal daily.”

“It’s teaching children how to eat healthy. I feel like they’re being treated equally.”

Issues were also raised:

• There were concerns that while the scheme is broadly positive, it does not fully address the needs of all families, particularly those with dietary or accessibility requirements. Some families with children who have Additional Learning Needs (ALN) may not benefit equally.

“Free school meals have helped but as I have children with ALN I do not benefit hugely as I still must provide packed lunch which is at a cost to the parent.”

“One family raised a concern about school meals. Although they had previously received free school meals and continue to do so under the current scheme, they explained that their children do not like the food on offer. As a result, they still feel the need to provide packed lunches at their own expense, which reduces the overall benefit of the intervention for them.”

Group facilitator.

• Responses suggested that it is making a difference for parents during the primary years (where it is now universal), but a few respondents noted that they are still struggling with costs for secondary school children.

“Having free school meals helped save money, we were then able to use that money to pay for the children's after school activities. It's positive, I wish it could happen for secondary.”

“I waited so long for this, it helped as no heating in the house; I got free school meals when it was rolled out to all children in primary school which made a difference to my finance.”

Emergency financial help and support with essential costs

Financial support schemes such as the Discretionary Assistance Fund (DAF), Council Tax Reduction, and Healthy Start Vouchers were frequently mentioned as support during times of crisis. A small number referred to child benefits. Respondents described these interventions as helping them “make ends meet,” “pay bills,” and “stay warm,” with many using the engagement exercise as a chance to express gratitude for the support received.

Points raised included:

• DAF was frequently mentioned, typically in the context of acute need. While many described accessing it, few provided detail on how the funds were used.

“DAF helped me feed my kids when I had nothing.”

“The DAF grant was immediate and paid straight into my bank account. This was helpful for food and gas.”

“I received an air fryer through DAF so that I could cook due to having no cooking facilities in emergency accommodation.”

• The support helped families through crisis periods, including transitions into employment or housing.

“Helped me over a crisis period before I was employed.”

“When I was offered a council house and I was unemployed, I did not know how to buy furniture for my house. But, with DAF support I was able to get basic furniture.”

“Support received during difficult times had a profound immediate impact, making a parent feel it "really helped in a dark time of my life" and allowed them to "see that there was light at the end of the tunnel" while facing eviction and trying to secure a special school place for their daughter.

Group facilitator.

• Additional support such as free eyecare, SIM cards, and advice services were also valued. Dental care in particular was noted frequently.

“They gave me a SIM card with free data so that I was able to keep in contact with people.”

“My support worker helped me apply for a DAF when I had no other money and had to buy essential items.”

“These things [dental care] might seem small, but they’ve made a big difference to our confidence and how we feel about ourselves.”

• Healthy Start Vouchers were praised for making nutritious food more affordable, though some felt the age limit should be extended to families with school aged children. Some appreciated the flexibility of using the card in local shops during times of crisis, others said it helped them access items and services they wouldn’t otherwise know was available.

“You pay 30p a day for a piece of fruit in school… when you could buy in bulk with Healthy Start it was much better.”

• Food support and childcare were often mentioned alongside DAF and other support and advice, showing how different types of support worked together to ease pressure.

“DAF and Foodbank has helped feed/provide for my family when times were dire. Childcare helped to work.”

However, some respondents raised concerns about the limitations of financial support.

• DAF was seen as too short-term, with restrictions on how often it could be accessed.

“It’s a shame DAF is only 3 times a year; it’s too short term.”

• The application process was described by some respondents as stressful and burdensome, especially during times of crisis.

“Filling out the forms was hard work, with all the evidence needed.”

Despite these challenges, the overall sentiment was that financial support schemes played a crucial role in helping families stay afloat during the cost-of-living crisis.

“I cannot get ahead of the cost of living increases and without these funds we would be skipping more meals just to keep a roof over our heads and warmth in the home”.

Education

Education-related support emerged as a key theme, particularly in helping families manage the costs associated with schooling. Schemes such as the School Essentials Grant (informally called uniform grant by some), Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA), and Free School Meals were described as “lifesavers,” and “a big help”, enabling children to attend school with dignity, reducing stigma, and reducing financial pressure on families. EMA was said to give young people independence and enabling them to continue their studies. The Further Education Learning Grant was named as a source of support in a small number of responses, but with no further detail given.

Points raised included:

• EMA was described as supporting young people’s independence and motivation to continue learning. Respondents noted that the allowance helped reduce financial strain on families and gave young people a sense of autonomy.

“EMA gives my son independence. Further Ed Learning Grant will further assist with OU course.”

“My eldest had EMA. Without it I don’t think he would’ve carried on with education and instead gone straight into work despite me trying to encourage him to go to college. In my opinion, it was really helpful because it took some of the load off him asking me for money all the time and also gave him a bit of independence.”

“EMA has made sure that my child is having something to eat in college, I don’t have to worry; he was entitled to FSM in school but not in college, now he has money, he can be the same as everyone else.”

• The school essentials grant, or also referred to as uniform grant, was mentioned by several respondents as making a difference to their children.

“School essential grant helped to get my children most of their school uniform for a few months, so had a real positive impact helping financially. Same as free school meals which made my daughter have a warm meal most days and save money on lunchboxes.”

• Some respondents reflected on how the support meant that they were able to attend college which had a positive impact on their wellbeing and sense of purpose. Access to education was described also as having emotional and social benefits.

"Being able to go to college and meet other people has given me huge motivation."

• While the support was generally appreciated, some families felt the thresholds were unfair or that the support didn’t go far enough to cover all school-related costs. There was also a note of the strict rules:

“EMA is helpful, but if you miss one day of college you don’t get your money for the week”

Childcare

Childcare support was widely valued for its dual impact: enabling parents to work and supporting children’s development in safe, nurturing environments.

Respondents mostly referred to the 30-hours Childcare Offer, and some went on to describe the impact of accessing the Offer. Others referred to Flying Start covering childcare, and wider initiatives. A small number of respondents referred to tax-free childcare and universal credit. For those that described impact the childcare support was said to make a huge difference, particularly for single parents and those returning to work.

Points raised included:

• Support with childcare costs enabled parents to stay in work and eased financial pressure. Several respondents described the direct financial impact of receiving help with childcare expenses, explaining that it made it possible for them to return to work or avoid leaving employment.

“It was a great help .The subsidised childcare meant I was able to start getting back into work. Free school meals means less pressure for making lunches.”

“Childcare support via 30 hours funding kept us being able to maintain our jobs at the level we were at rather than reducing hours/coming out of work.”

“Nursery bills went down with the 30 hours funded childcare which was a massive help to us.”

“The cheaper childcare meant I was able to be more flexible with work, although it was still very pricey.”

• Support was especially valued by families caring for children with additional needs. Some respondents described how childcare funding provided vital respite and stability.

“We couldn’t have managed without the childcare fund, it has helped us to have some respite from caring for a neurodiverse child.”

• Flying Start was noted by some respondents and welcomed for its rounded support to families with young children, covering childcare and wider parenting support. A small number of responses referenced Flying Start as a gateway to early learning, parenting support, and home safety resources.

“Meant my children could access childcare via Flying Start, which was great for their development.”

“I have been able to attend baby groups and cooking classes run by Flying Start. I have also received baby proofing / home safety support through Flying Start.”

• Childcare access was uneven, with some families excluded or facing additional costs. While many benefited, others described barriers to eligibility or affordability.

“Childcare has been helpful, but it is limited, and the parents still have extra costs that they need to find.”

Group facilitator.

“I am a single mum, seeking sanctuary, with a child who is under 3. I am not eligible for much of this support.”

• Early access to childcare settings was seen as beneficial for children’s development. Group facilitators and individual respondents noted that the Childcare Offer allowed children to start accessing settings earlier than they otherwise could have, with positive outcomes.

“Several responses highlight that the Childcare Offer has enabled children to access settings earlier than they otherwise could have, with reported benefits for children’s development.”

Group facilitator.

“Without this support, some families would not have been able to afford childcare at all, which in turn would have limited parental employment opportunities.”

Group facilitator.

“For working parents, the childcare subsidy had a direct positive financial impact, enabling them to be able to continue both working.”

Group facilitator.

Housing and heating

Support with housing and utilities was often mentioned alongside financial schemes such as DAF, reflecting how different forms of assistance worked together to ease pressure. Respondents described how grants, adaptations, and advice helped them manage energy costs, improve safety at home, and maintain independence; especially among respondents where they or a family member were disabled.

Points raised included:

• Home adaptations significantly improved safety and independence for disabled residents. Respondents described how modifications made daily life more manageable.
• The Disabled Facilities Grant (DFG) had the potential to make a big difference, but some faced delays in accessing it.  Some respondents were still waiting for assessments but expressed hope about the impact it could have.

“DFG: we are waiting for assessments; if that goes through, it could make a massive difference to our living situation.”

“Home adaptations were a big help to us but we had to wait a long time.”

“The adaptations made around the home for disabilities have greatly improved day-to-day living and independence. Advice on heating the home has helped us manage our energy use more effectively and reduced some of the stress around rising costs.”

• Heating support helped reduce stress, but both respondents and group facilitators sometimes explained this didn’t always resolve underlying issues. There was a mix of references to using DAF for heating, and references to DAF, support and Council Tax reduction from the council, Warm Homes Local Grant and NEST. Advice on heating and energy use was appreciated for helping families manage rising costs.

“DAF: used towards our heating bill; it took the pressure off but did not take me out fuel debt.”

“Council Tax reduction is helpful. Warm Homes Local Grant helped me a lot as well. My flat is not well insulated.”

• Some young people reported inadequate housing support, leading to unsafe living conditions or homelessness. Lack of secure housing was linked to wider barriers, including access to training, employment, and essential services.

“Some of the young people stated that the support that they accessed was not adequate for their needs, this included housing. Although they had attended housing they were not housed safely and so ended up in unsafe accommodation or homeless. They attributed the lack of appropriate housing to their problems with getting into training and or work”

Group facilitator.

“It also meant that they are not able to acquire identity documents or access the banking system as they do not have an address or proof of ID.”

Group facilitator.

Support for Asylum Seekers and Refugees

It was clear from the responses that some individuals and those in groups had sought asylum in Wales. Support for asylum seekers and refugees was often accessed through charities and community organisations. Charities and other organisations were said to offer emergency support, transport assistance, and help with settling. Schemes such as Free School Meals and Welcome bus tickets were appreciated, but not always available to all families. While many expressed gratitude and said the support made a real difference, others felt their situation remained unchanged due to gaps in eligibility and limited access.

Points raised included:

• Some respondents referred to ‘No Recourse to Public Funds (NRPF)’ restrictions, and described being in “survival mode,” with limited access to advice, childcare, and financial stability. Charitable and community support was essential for meeting basic needs.

“"Asylum seeker without anything because I fled a war and lost everything. Help I received was a major part of settling.”

“I get my bus fare covered by 2 of the organisations I access, otherwise I couldn’t reach them.”

“Free Wi-Fi, Welcome ticket (bus), and Legal Aid were great for me for a long time.”

• Foodbanks and emergency vouchers helped in crisis, but supply and suitability were sometimes limited.

“Foodbanks reduced hunger but were insufficient, children didn’t eat unfamiliar items.”

Group facilitator.

• Fear of immigration consequences limited uptake of advice services, according to group facilitators.

“Advice services were helpful for those who accessed them, but most avoided them due to fear of immigration consequences or lack of culturally competent advisors.”

Group facilitator.

Provision making a difference

Across the responses, it was clear that the provision of support was making a meaningful difference to many individuals and groups. Respondents described how different types of assistance, financial, practical, advice and community support, often worked together to ease pressure and improve wellbeing. One participant said they would have been homeless without the support and unable to sustain buying food and paying bills. As one facilitator summarised, ‘the language used (“helped massively”, “essential”, “take the pressure off”) underscores the value placed on this financial support.’

Others highlighted the value of various support in combination:

“When my ex left us, he didn’t leave any money to support our kids. Luckily the Council tax discount has helped financially and help from the foodbank has helped me feed my family. ALN-Connect supported me by giving advice and a shoulder to cry on. They introduced me to [   ] who have helped us dealing with my ex’s debt problem he left us.”

“The support we received has had a very positive impact on both myself and my family. The adaptations made around the home for disabilities have greatly improved day-to-day living and independence. Advice on heating the home has helped us manage our energy use more effectively and reduced some of the stress around rising costs. Accessing food banks has provided essential support during difficult times, ensuring that our family’s basic needs are met. In addition, the Discretionary Assistance Fund has given us much-needed financial relief at a critical point, helping us to cope with unexpected expenses. Altogether, this combination of support has eased pressures ….”

“Initiatives such as free school meals, the Childcare Offer, and school uniform grants have reduced the financial pressure on households. This is particularly important in the context of rising food prices and other essential living costs. Many participants described being able to redirect the money saved towards other necessities such as bills, fresh fruit, and general groceries.”

Group facilitator.

Gaps in provision

While many respondents spoke positively about the impact of support, several also used the opportunity to express frustration. Common issues included difficulty accessing schemes, limited availability, and lack of awareness. Some felt excluded due to eligibility criteria or digital barriers.

“My children have disabilities and I have missed important appointments as I have not received the emails in time, due to having no Wi-Fi or mobile data. I have no Wi-Fi so I rely on going out of the house to find public Wi-Fi, which is extra difficult in winter.”

These concerns are explored further in the next section, which focuses specifically on barriers to accessing support.

Barriers to support

Survey question 2

“Has there been any help or support that you were unable to access?”

This question aimed to identify the support that people were having trouble accessing and establish what barriers are preventing people from getting the help that they need. Respondents were invited to provide information via an open text comment box and 831 responses were received (some individual responses, some responses a summary of a group).

What people have been unable to access

Overview

The responses showed there was a wide range of support which respondents reported having difficulty accessing. These were across a range of areas related to essential goods such as food and utilities, as well as to services and amenities including debt/financial advice and schemes like Flying Start. The most recurring types of support which respondents reported not being able to access were related to health services, school uniform/meals/trips, transport, accommodation and childcare. Although presented thematically, it is important to note that the points and suggestions listed below are often interrelated and crossover: for instance, respondents highlighted that help with funding the costs of public transport would enable their children to attend school and engage in recreational activities. As such the following themes and suggestions should be considered with this in mind.

Quotes within this section are drawn from a mix of respondents, both individuals and facilitators, and are not attributed to specific respondents.

Main theme: health services

Health services were most commonly cited by respondents as being difficult to access, including dental treatment, frontline services such as GP appointments and mental health support, and support for children, young people and adults with additional learning needs (ALN) and disabilities.

Points raised included:

• Families noted waiting significant periods of time for dental treatment, often reporting they were unable to join a waiting list for an NHS dentist. Some noted they had resorted to paying for dental treatment privately, whilst others reported they were in pain or needed treatment but were unable to access help.

“My daughter is in frequent pain with her back teeth, we cannot find a dentist and we are told we have to join a waiting list just to get assessed.”

“We are entitled to free NHS dental care but myself and my 3 children haven’t been able to access dental care. I have had to pay for private dental treatment due to lack of NHS dentists.” “I was unable to access a dental appointment for 3 years.”

“I desperately need a tooth removed but can't get into a dentist”

• Respondents reported difficulties in being able to access frontline services including GP appointments and mental health support services. Reasons given included referral delays, inadequate/costly public transport to get to appointments, lack of information about mental health services, and stigma about seeking mental health support.

“Improved access to healthcare and support services for families would be most helpful.”

“Very limited access to children’s therapies with long waits or no service, funds or staff available. Referrals never materialise.”

“While some services existed, they often didn’t feel accessible, suitable, or responsive. Young people described being unsure how to reach the right services, or feeling that support wasn’t designed in a way that worked for them”.

Group facilitator.

“The stigma around asking for help with mental health can be a barrier. It can feel uncomfortable or even intimidating to reach out, especially when you don’t know what support is actually available or how to get it. More local, accessible, and approachable services would make a big difference.”

“Only being able to call a GP at 8am and unable to receive appointments when needed leaving parents and children vulnerable.”

• Support for children, young people and adults with additional learning needs (ALN) and disabilities was another area which respondents noted difficulties in accessing.

“Need to offer more support for families with children with disabilities, that's where I've probably struggled the most with finding support like help with making the home safe.”

“Three teens with additional needs unable to attend so home educating all 3 (down as "elective" home education, but in reality, it has been non-elective). We are not entitled to any financial support for this. In turn we still need one parent at home (so non-earning) in order to educate our children. This clearly widens the attainment gap between our children and their peers. It's finances that limit a lot of what they can now achieve. We know we're not alone in our experience - we've met many other families in similar situations.”

“Help with disability support at work for chronic pain.”

“We have not received any support from social services and specialist equipment that I need for my Deaf children.”

Main theme: educational support

Being unable to access support for school essentials was commonly reported by respondents. Most frequently this was in relation to accessing EMA, grants for school uniform, and access to free school meals (FSM) for older children in secondary schools.

Points raised included:

• The cost of providing uniform and meals for children to attend school was noted by respondents as prohibitive. Eligibility criteria, particularly the income threshold for working parents, meant that families were unable to access free school meals and the School Essentials Grant.

“I'm not eligible for free school meals and the uniform grant because my husband works. I cannot work and we have 2 children with a baby on the way. He does not earn enough to pay for it all.”

“Couldn’t get any school uniform as were £20 over the threshold.”

“My child will be going to nursery soon, I have to buy a uniform but she is not old enough for the School Essentials Grant.”

“School uniform is so expensive, especially with the badge. I thought this was going to be a thing of the past and schools were getting rid of this, but this is not happening. If you have one or more child, then you are really stuck financially.”

“Free school meals for comprehensive children and uniform grant or a grant towards uniform as anything would help working parents.”

“Although we are now a single-income family, because I claim Employment Support Allowance, we are not eligible for free school meals or school uniform grants. I have two children in school and to be able to claim these would be a big relief.”

• A minority of respondents noted they did not have the funds to access school organised trips and activities or were not aware of the types of support on offer.

“Young people felt that they couldn't access school trips due to the expense.”

Group Facilitator.

“I did not realise the school had so many ways to support us, such as free uniform, help with the cost of trips etc. I assumed I could not access these.”

• Young people spoke of not being able to access EMA support. Commonly, respondents noted this was because their families were outside of the eligibility criteria, highlighting the earnings threshold, with some reporting this meant they could no longer continue with their education.

“We applied for EMA. Didn't meet criteria by £100.”

“Why is EMA means tested? It should not be, it's not fair.”

“I haven't gone to college because I cannot have EMA as my parents are over the threshold.”

Main theme: public transport

Being unable to access support for public transport, particularly buses, was commonly reported in the responses. Respondents noted how transport difficulties impacted on their ability to engage with a range of services and amenities such as education, health and recreational activities.

Points raised included:

• Respondents noted issues with financing the cost of public transport and the impact of this on already struggling families.

“Public transport is too expensive to access groups and provision.”

“For families and individuals living further away, travel costs and lack of transport can make it difficult to reach us, particularly for those already struggling financially. As a result, some vulnerable people in need of support are unable to fully benefit from our service.”

Group Facilitator.

“The ‘3-mile rule’ for free transport means children must walk significant distances, even in poor weather. Public transport is expensive and unaffordable for daily use for parents relying on it.”

• The inaccessibility of some transport options and the location of services was also noted to impact whether people were able to seek advice and support.

“Many of our service users are living with disabilities and have found it difficult to travel to the local [advice hub], which is where they are signposted to for help with completing applications and accessing guidance. This lack of accessible transport and location challenges has prevented some from getting the support they need in a timely way.”

Group Facilitator.

“I do not drive so an improved transport system would be beneficial for me.”

Main theme: housing

Respondents highlighted a range of difficulties with housing and accommodation including overcrowding, problems in paying for Council Tax, and difficulties in accessing support for home adaptations/furnishings.

Points raised included:

• Respondents reported long waits for social housing and difficulties in accessing appropriate advice and support.

“I have waited over 2 years for a local authority housing transfer as we are over-accommodated, as a family of 2 adults and 4 children [we] live in a 2-bedroom home.”

“Overcrowded housing and high costs. Acute need for housing advice, but routes felt closed or poorly signposted.”

Group Facilitator.

• Respondents also spoke of having trouble paying for council tax, frequently citing that they were unable to access support through the Council Tax Reduction Scheme (CTRS), commonly due to restrictions within the eligibility criteria or a lack of awareness of the scheme.

“I work part-time and am now over the threshold for Council Tax Reduction, however my pay is low and paying full Council Tax is a burden.”

“Did not know I could have help with Council Tax/heating.”

“Despite being disabled we couldn't get Tax Reduction.”

• Accessing support to adapt/furnish homes to make them suitable for family members was cited as a problem by some respondents.

“I’ve tried to get adaptations to my 2 bed home due to child with ASD, GDD, ADHD and ODD but was refused."

“Adaptions at home are impossible to get for a child without an occupational therapist and the waitlist for one of them is years.”

“Essential housing repairs we had no safe flooring in the accommodation. Had to spend living money on buying flooring so it was safe for children.”

Note: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); Global Developmental Delay (GDD); Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD).

Main theme: childcare

Respondents spoke of being unable to access childcare support, such as via the childcare offer and Flying Start schemes, noting how this limited their ability to work or take up educational opportunities.

Points raised included:

• Respondents noted they wanted to access childcare but there was a lack of availability of providers in their area.

I was offered childcare payments but there were no providers in my area. So I could not increase my work hours nor access childcare.

• Financing childcare was too costly for some people, even those in working households or those who were already benefiting from childcare schemes.

“I am a nurse and work 2 days to keep my job, but I work those 2 days to pay for the childcare which still costs me £650 per month, £63 per day, and that's with the 20% discount.”

“Many said that's why they cannot go back to work because they could not afford the childcare and would not be earning enough to justify it even though many said they wanted to work.”

Group Facilitator.

“There is not enough support for childcare for working parents it costs way too much and takes most of your salary.”

“One mum said with discount she pays £850 per month, she is basically working for childcare as no money left over.”

Group Facilitator.

• The criteria of schemes meant that some respondents were unable to access childcare support even though they were in need. This was noted to impact on work and employment opportunities.

“I am a student on a healthcare degree. Due to my partner’s wage we are unable to claim any childcare support. My degree requires me to attend university/placement 37.5 hours a week therefore working alongside isn’t always possible. We are expected to pay £1000 childcare fees out of my partner’s wage. Which leaves us with no money every month. I have had to take out a larger student loan (which I have to pay back with interest) just to make it through each month.”

“I am desperate to attend college but I am not eligible for free childcare support to help me go there.”

“Unable to work enough hours to qualify for free childcare due to my disability.”

“Flying start: my postcode isn't covered but other parts near where I live are.”

“Can’t get any support due to not being in flying start postcode. Nursery fees are killing us and due to one digit in the postcode we get no funding.”

Reasons for not accessing

Overview

As noted in some of the points raised under section barriers to accessing support were identified by respondents. A range of reasons were provided to explain the lack of engagement, with the most commonly reported being the application process, the eligibility criteria of funds/grants, and a lack of knowledge of what support was available to people.

Main theme: application processes

Bureaucracy and application processes were cited as reasons by the respondents for not being able to access different types of support. Respondents commented on needing to complete and provide lots of paperwork and deal with frontline staff who they did not always feel were able to offer tailored and appropriate advice in a sensitive manner.

Points raised included:

• Those with health conditions reported that the bureaucracy involved in applying for support was onerous and off-putting, resulting in some not being able to submit applications.

“Just the amount of forms and evidence we need to provide. I also have ADHD and the forms are a struggle for me. I need help with my private rental as the rent keeps going up but I haven’t managed to fill out the discretionary fund [DAF] form.”

“Living with severe mental health issues can create a barrier to accessing any assistance schemes because of the degree of psychological distress caused by having to go through complex issues: One participant said “I severely struggle with written forms and communication, so applying for stuff is an absolute nightmare…Speaking to people on the phone and trying to remember things…felt like torture’.”

Group Facilitator.

• Respondents spoke of being put off applying for funds and grants based on previous negative experience of application processes.

“A participant described how a significant barrier to accessing many of the Welsh Government schemes listed was self-imposed and resulted from a history of negative experiences with other benefits systems. The gruelling nature of the process had not resulted in any additional support, and so they were reluctant to try again.”

Group Facilitator.

“There’s also stigma. Some of us feel judged when we ask for help, like people assume we’re lazy or not trying hard enough.”

• Respondents highlighted that support services were not joined up and individuals were required to navigate the system, often with little awareness.

“Some NHS support such as free prescriptions, physiotherapy and an endometriosis nurse has been helpful to a degree. But overall, meaningful, joined-up support, especially financial or holistic, has been minimal and hard to access.”

“[Participants] spoke about the lack of individualised and specialist support for those who are neurodivergent and / or living with mental ill health to access various schemes to avoid that additional administrative burden.”

Group Facilitator.

Main theme: eligibility criteria of funds/grants

Respondents commonly mentioned being turned down for support after being told they did not meet the eligibility criteria of different funds/grants. Respondents noted they were sometimes outside of eligibility criteria even when they were in need, which meant they were refused support.

Points raised included:

• Working households commonly reported being excluded from funds/grants which they felt they needed. Respondents cited they struggled to manage due to the cost of living but, due to their income, were sometimes marginally over financial thresholds for support.

“Unable to access the 30 free hours childcare scheme, as my partner’s wage was over the threshold. Surely it should be based on household income, as 2 people earning just under the threshold would be entitled to access the scheme, despite earning more than my household where one person is over the threshold and one person is on a part-time low-paid job?”

“Being a single mother paying to support my family on a sole income but not being entitled to a council tax reduction due to ‘earning too much income’ and with the increased rate of council tax this has made an impact on me financially.”

“For working families on our low-income bracket, there is no help. Cost of living is unsustainable.”

“My household has income under £1550 per month. We did not receive any assistance, we were denied.”

• Respondents spoke of being unable to access some schemes due to the rules in place and a lack of discretion, even for emergency funds.

“When I did apply, I couldn't receive a [DAF] grant because I had borrowed a fridge off someone short- term to keep my breast milk cold, even though they [DAF scheme] knew I was only borrowing it.”

“A participant hadn’t received any help or assistance from the Welsh Government’s list [of schemes] as they were deemed ineligible, despite living with multiple health conditions and disability.”

Group Facilitator.

“Applied to Council Tax Reduction Scheme. They initially concluded I was ineligible, but we're confident the reason given doesn't apply and I am eligible. Dispute ongoing.”

“Many in the group stated they had tried for some benefits but had been slightly over the threshold and were not eligible for things like reduced Council Tax, schools grant etc. They stated: ‘We really struggle as our income is small but slightly over and we get no help or support.’”

Group Facilitator.

“Free Childcare / Flying Start: this was a significant concern for many participants. Some fed back that it is not available in the holidays, and/or that they cannot access this as they do not live in the eligible area. This feels particularly unfair to those who do not have a choice in terms of where they are allocated housing.”

Group Facilitator.

“I am not eligible for the uniform grant but I need it.”

“12.5 hours free childcare for 2-year-olds is rolling out across Wales but we were one street out of the area and so weren't eligible.”

Main theme: lack of information and awareness

Respondents frequently referred to not being aware of the funds and grants which may be available to them, stating that they had “never heard of this support” or “don’t know” about the schemes listed within the survey.

Points raised included:

• Respondents cited a lack of information about different schemes and how to apply for them, even if they were in contact with services who could have signposted or informed them.

“I tried to apply for the DAF grant. It was difficult to find out about the grant, no one in the Job Centre told me, I found out from a friend.”

“Many of items listed are not known to me. Never heard of this support and wouldn't know how to access on behalf of my family.”

“People don't know what they are entitled to, needs to be clearer.”

“I don't know. Many things seem hidden and hard to find.”

Having been earning and independent, my circumstances changed, partner left, and I had no idea what I was entitled to. Gradually found out things I could get and also found out there were things I could have accessed the whole time, even when I was earning. I didn’t know. People don’t tell you.”

“We were not eligible for any support despite being on maternity leave for this period, with reduced pay.”

Future support from the Welsh Government that would make a difference

Survey question 3

“What help or support from Welsh Government do you consider would make the biggest difference to you over the next 3 years?”

Overview

Respondents were invited to provide information via an open text comment box, and 666 responses were received (some individual responses, some responses a summary of a group). The responses showed there was a wide range of support which respondents felt would make the biggest difference to them over the next 3 years. Responses ranged from suggestions related to education, employment and training support, to requests for benefits to be increased to keep up with the cost of living.

The most recurring types of help which respondents considered would make the biggest difference to them were related to public transport, improved support for children and young people, health services, school costs and living costs. Although presented thematically, it is important to note that the points and suggestions listed below are often interrelated and crossover: for instance, respondents highlighted that help with funding the costs of public transport would enable their children to attend school and engage in recreational activities. As such the following themes and suggestions should be considered with this in mind.

Quotes within this section are drawn from a mix of respondents, both individuals and facilitators, and are not attributed to specific respondents.

Main theme: public transport

Respondents commonly spoke of needing more help with accessing public transport, in particular buses. This included better provision such as more frequent services and coverage, as well as reduced travel costs to ensure that more people, particularly children and young people, would be able to access services.

Suggestions made included:

• Providing free/cheaper travel, especially for children and young people in term-time and school holidays, to enable people access to services, recreation and education without putting pressure on family budgets.

“Get free buses for people and families that can’t constantly afford to pay the amount every day.”

“Cheaper bus travel as I have to pay £10 every time we leave the house. It is ridiculous and I can’t afford a car or to learn to drive."

“We use the free bus on the weekends but would be great to have free transport throughout the holidays to reduce financial pressure.”

“Free bus pass to travel more in our area for clubs/hobbies.”

• Improving transport links, such as more frequent travel times and locations, to enable families to access more services and engage in education, employment and recreational activities.

“Better transport rurally, free train and bus travel.”

“No school bus, been stopped. Children now need to walk 3 miles.”

“School transport has been removed, paying for transport is unsustainable for a teenager.”

Main theme: support for children and young people

Among the responses, improved support for children and young people was a predominant theme. This included provision for younger children through better access to schemes like Flying Start and childcare placements, as well as for young people to be able to access recreational activities. Respondents noted that provision in the school holidays would be particularly beneficial due to costs often increasing and availability reducing at this time of year.

Suggestions made included:

• Expanding the criteria for schemes such as Flying Start and the Childcare Offer to enable more families on low incomes to access this support. Suggestions from respondents included removing the “postcode lottery” and age restrictions on these sorts of schemes to allow more children and families to benefit.

“Expand Flying Start to more postcodes. Help towards childcare costs for under 3’s.”

“The 30 hours childcare grant should start from 9-months."

“Better childcare options, term time childcare and holiday childcare. Increase the age for childcare reductions.”

• Providing more recreational activities for young people to engage with. Respondents highlighted there was a lack of sufficient free activities for young people to access after school and in school holidays and noted that youth clubs and sports clubs were important spaces that could provide young people with support and opportunities.

“More places for young people to hang out for free, more youth club sessions.”

“Participants also spoke about free holiday activities being very helpful as they wouldn't be able to afford it if they were paid for.”

Group Facilitator.

“More community centres with more activities as there isn’t enough to do for kids in the community."

“Help with support of sports, get more kids affordable sports and grants to local sports clubs to keep fit, healthy, meeting new people and off the streets.”

Main theme: health services

Respondents spoke of their desire to have improved access to health services particularly dental treatment, mental health services and support for families of children with ALN.

Suggestions made included:

• Improving access to NHS dentists by reducing wait times for registration to enable more people to access timely treatment.

“NHS Dental treatment, unable to find NHS dentist currently.”

“Dental access still very hard to locate or get appointment on NHS while can't afford private.”

• Providing more 1:1 support in mental health services with easier referral processes/ access to support.

“Mental health-better support, more support, local support and shorter waiting times.”

“Access to mental health support in schools would make a big difference for young people. Many struggle with anxiety, stress, or difficult home situations, and waiting times for specialist services are too long. Having counsellors and wellbeing programmes in schools would mean children get help earlier, before problems become more serious.”

• Shorter waiting lists for ALN diagnosis and better support for those with ALN and families with ALN children.

“More support and safe spaces for children with educational needs as its harder to access existing groups for children with autism. More support and training around autism.”

“Reduced waiting lists for children with ALN and more in-depth training for teachers on ALN.”

Main theme: school costs

As highlighted in section above, school-related costs were a significant concern to respondents. The expansion of universal school meals to secondary school children was noted as being an area of support that would make a big difference to people’s lives, alongside the School Essential Grant to help with the cost of uniforms.

Suggestions made included:

• Rolling out universal free school meals to secondary school children and /or increasing the income threshold for eligibility for free school meals.

“My daughter is going to comprehensive and I’ve got the added expense of finding the money for her school dinners when I didn’t have this before.”

“There should be free school meals for comprehensive children as it gets really expensive.”

• Increasing access to the School Essentials Grant (connected to free school meals criteria) and the grant size to enable more families to access support with uniform costs.

“We had free school bags today with supplies, they have been a great help.”

“Some element of uniform grant for all. I struggle even though I work.”

“The uniform allowance needs to be bigger, I have 4children but only get money for 2.”

• Ensuring schools meals, especially primary lunches, are inclusive i.e. dietary requirements and allergies, to enable families to take up the universal free school meals initiative.

“The government needs to sort out free school meals as my child has allergies and can’t have them.”

Main theme: living costs

Many respondents called for cheaper food, lower energy bills, and housing support to combat high costs of living. Foodbanks and community projects were widely welcomed, but families stressed the need for ongoing support, particularly during school holidays when costs rise.

Suggestions made included:

• Supporting people on low incomes via more initiatives and grants for community settings/charities which already know their support needs.

“Funding and support for more local community groups who are making a real difference.”

“Providing charities with grants so they can support their local communities.”

“Provide our local community centre with a discretionary fund to help us. We don't mind discussing finance with the ladies that run the centre as they know us and are so friendly when we have an issue they often know what to do or who to ask.”

• Assisting people experiencing financial difficulties with housing through the provision of more affordable homes, reducing council tax rates, and expanding the criteria for the Council Tax Reduction Scheme.

“Have to have 2 jobs to survive. Help with rent and Council Tax.”

“I live in temporary housing and I would like to have a home for my child soon, I have waited 9 months.”

“Affordable housing for young people to leave home.”

• Streamlining advice services through single points to ensure families are better informed of funds/grants available and can receive individualised and jargon-free support when applying.

“Use of more simple language in forms and documentation so that people can understand what they are reading and therefore answer any questions from an informed perspective.”

“The current system is confusing and leaves many families unsure of what they can claim. An accessible, straightforward way of checking eligibility in one place would make a significant difference.”

“Parents said it would make a big difference if there was a simple, accessible way to check eligibility for different benefits in one place. They explained they feel overwhelmed and confused by what is available and often miss out on support because the information is not clear.”

Group Facilitator.

• Increasing food and utilities support for struggling families, including during the school holidays.

“I struggle to pay my heating bill and I have huge anxiety about this issue. Sometimes I spend less on food for my family because of this. When my children are not in school and not receiving free school meals, my food bill is more expensive.”

“Help with food in school holidays.”

“For me, school holidays are the hardest time for families, with children at home, increased food bills etc.”

“Reduce the bills as gas and electricity is too high. Access to fuel vouchers would be awesome.”

• Providing more support to those in immediate need through direct financial payments to alleviate hardship.

“Any kind of support/help (mainly financial) that would make the rising cost of living manageable.”

“More money to stop the struggles, the worries get me down.”

“An interest free loan that can help families borrow in the short and long term.

This section provides a summary of the lived experience evidence reviewed, focusing on the impacts of poverty on children, young people and their families; the impacts of support; barriers to accessing support; future needs and priorities; and any recommendations emerging from the literature. Eight research reports published in 2024 and 2025 were reviewed in total. Six provided Welsh specific lived experience evidence, 2 further reports provided UK evidence judged as sufficiently relevant to this work on Wales. Arad took a Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) approach, focused on detailed data extraction and assessment of the evidence

A summary of each of the evidence reports reviewed can be found in Annex 2.

Impacts of poverty on children, young people and their families 

The literature revealed the reality of living in poverty for children, young people and their families. Experiences are varied however it is clear from the literature reviewed that living in poverty can profoundly impact children and young people as well as their families in many different aspects of their lives. 

One of the most obvious impacts is simply being unable to afford the essentials needed in everyday life. The Children in Wales Child and Family Poverty: Children and Young people survey report found that when asked what affected them the most about living in poverty, 63% of children and young people said, “not having enough money to pay for food, heating and electric.” The Children in Wales Child and Family Poverty: Parents and Carers Survey found that 68% said that their financial situation had worsened in the past year. The Bevan Foundation survey support this with 15% of adults in September 2024 saying that they sometimes, often or always do not have enough for the basics; compared to 13% in January 2024. 

Findings from these Wales-focused reports link to wider UK lived experience. The Children’s Commissioner for England, Growing up in a low-income family report outlines that children in the UK have shown awareness that their families often have to choose between having food or heating. Cost-of-living increases have also impacted the amount and quality of food that UK families could buy. As quoted in the Children Commissioner’s for England report:

“Last year, 18% of all children in the UK lived in food insecure households, and 7.7% lived in a household that had accessed a food bank in the last 12 months.” 

The Children’s Commissioner report.

In the Children in Wales: Parents and Carers Survey, 17% of parents said that the cost of food has made their financial situation worse this year. Skipping meals or opting for unhealthy, cheaper food options has become a reality for some. The Food for Thought: Young People and Youth Workers’ Perceptions of Food Insecurity and the Youth Work Response report found feelings of disempowerment in young people and their youth workers when it comes to food insecurity. They were “critically aware of the structural causes of food insecurity’ but ‘felt somewhat limited in their ability to make any systemic changes” leading to the theme of disempowerment. This food insecurity was also highlighted in the Children in Wales: Children and Young People survey report, which noted:

“Some kids starve in school or go hungry until the end of the day, then when they get home, they might not have enough food to fill their belly or worry about if they’re going to eat when they’re home, or worry about their parents giving up food for them.” 

Children in Wales: Children and Young People survey report

Several reports (Children in Wales surveys, Children’s Commissioner for England) found that children and young people in poverty were likely to report feeling unsafe in neighbourhoods that they live, expressing concerns about knife and gang crime and anti-social behaviour. 

Most of the reports reviewed highlighted the negative social, emotional and mental health implications of poverty. Several illustrated how the issues noted above were exacerbated by challenges such as peer pressure, bullying, shame, and lack of opportunities all contributing to the increasingly poor mental health of children and young people living in poverty.

The WPCC Lifting the lid on poverty stigma in Wales report found that young people (aged 16-24) were among the groups where received and perceived poverty stigma were highest, “levels of received poverty stigma are 3 times higher in those aged 16 to 24 than those aged 65+”. The Children’s Commissioner for England report described how children and young people had a sense of “hyperawareness” of their family’s situation and spoke about shame, peer pressure and being bullied. The Children in Wales: Children and Young people survey found that 68% of children and young people felt that being bullied or looked down on was something most likely to affect children living in poverty. They reported not wanting to go to school because of this and cited the lack of correct school uniform or being unable to afford school trips as major causes of poverty related bullying. This creates a sense of isolation, sadness, anxiety and feeling unsafe.

In addition, the Children in Wales: Parents and Carers Survey found that those living in poverty can miss out on quality parent and family time due to parents having to work more in the current economy. As one respondent put in the Power of Voice, Save the Children report:

“Mums have to spend money that they don’t have, they must spend more time in work to get more money to spend, which means less time with family.” 

Save the Children report.

Respondents from the Children in Wales Child and Family Poverty - Practitioner survey noted that transport can mean children are unable to attend clinic appointments and school. Similar evidence was found in England, with the Children’s Commissioner for England report noting that the cost of transport and expense of activities, including cost of equipment are barriers for children to participate in extra-curricular activities. Feedback from the Children in Wales: Practitioners Survey was similar and outlined that the greatest impact of spend reduction by families was on after school clubs and leisure activities for children. Those practitioners surveyed expressed concerns about the social, emotional and physical wellbeing impacts of reducing these activities.

“Routes out of poverty were usually ‘blocked’ by poor mental health. For example, parents were often unable to work, engage with or seek support because of their mental health; children and young people regularly had poor attendance at school, because of the stress of school costs and bullying, frequently leading to low educational attainment.”

Children in Wales: Practitioners survey report.

Impact of support 

Some of the literature describes or assesses the impact of support, interventions and social and community structures in addressing the challenges noted in the previous section. Free School Meals (FSM) has been an important intervention for parents, children and practitioners in terms of providing support and supporting changes in financial circumstances and wellbeing. 

Children in Wales: Parents and Carers Survey highlighted that around 66% of parents said that their children were benefitting from FSM. 55% of parents said that there had been a positive financial impact for them and that it had eased their financial burden. The report highlighted that, ‘by providing free school meals for all children, it also removed the fear of being judged or stigmatised for taking a packed lunch or being identified as being eligible for free school meals.’

“It relieves the pressure of them having a large hot meal at home. Our weekly food bill has decreased. I’m very grateful that this initiative was for all children.”

Children in Wales: Parents and Carers survey report.

“A huge difference because we know our child will be fed well at school even if food is minimal at home.”

Children in Wales: Parents and Carers survey report.

The Children in Wales: Practitioners and Professionals survey reported a ‘significant, tangible difference in both children and their parents, not just through nutritional value, but in helping to reduce the financial burden on parents’ mental health; better engagement from children; greater equity and socialisation during mealtimes and a reduction of poverty related stigma for the whole family.’ Practitioners commented that in many cases it appears to support better attendance at school as parents know that their children will be fed.

“This has been a huge positive for families. They feel less pressure to provide healthy and nutritious packed lunches during the day. Children enjoy eating together and are prepared to learn.” 

Children in Wales: Practitioners and Professionals survey report.

The Children in Wales: Parents and Carers survey did however report some negative experiences with FSM, relating to specific dietary needs not being met, and low eligibility thresholds for secondary school learners. 

Another important element of support was childcare. The Children in Wales: Parents and Carers survey noted that 34% of respondents were currently using childcare, using a mix of formal and informal childcare. Day Nurseries, breakfast and after-school clubs were also being regularly used and the importance of these were highlighted in several other reports, such as the Children’s Commissioner for England. Barriers to accessing childcare included access and affordability, with families often filling these gaps. 

The Children in Wales: Children and Young people report highlights that ‘Welsh Government has produced School Uniform and Appearance Policy Guidance which includes advice to schools on ways they can address the cost of school uniforms,’ in response to evidence provided about the costs of school uniform, which linked to poverty related bullying. Children in Wales also noted an increasing number of families were also reaching out for support around the cost of the school day, with more parents accessing help with uniforms and school trips. The findings nonetheless identified the urgent need for ‘greater and more effective implementation of this guidance in many schools across Wales.’

Whilst additional support was welcomed, some was often only funded for a very short time and meant that families were left without continuing support. The Practitioners report notes that ‘the recent establishment of a ‘Community of Practice’ approach to better connect services was considered a positive step towards helping connect services and allow citizens, practitioners and policy makers to become better aware of existing provision and where gaps exist.

Other reports examined different support structures such as the role of the school, which the Save the Children report noted: 

‘Participants described how school provided opportunities for socialising, support and nurture, and opportunities to build skills, friendships, and a sense of identity through teams, clubs or other groups (e.g. through a prayer room for Muslims). In turn, school (and education more generally) was seen by many as a pathway to wider aspirations in life and something that would help them achieve what they wanted to.’ 

Save the Children report.

The Food for Thought report highlighted a similar role for youth workers, and that “young people place value in specific activities and engagement with other young people with direct experience of food insecurity so that they do not feel alone.”

The Save the Children report also highlighted the role of of close-knit communities, facilitated through different mediums including religion, neighbours, charity work, sports clubs, community spaces and local events but also noted how ‘this sense of community can be undermined when shared spaces are either poorly maintained or access is restricted, particularly to young people.’

Barriers to accessing support

In addition to revealing the impact of poverty and the impact of support, the literature explains the barriers that people face in accessing support to overcome lived experiences of poverty. Broadly, the barriers can be categorised as being a lack of resources, a lack of education or awareness, and structural inequalities that lead to inconsistencies in experiences. 

Across the literature, a lack of resources was noted as being a major barrier to support. This is especially evident for parents and carers who require childcare. In response to the Children in Wales: parents and carers’ survey, 55% of parents cited that the requirements of childcare prevented them from working altogether or from working more hours, and, for those families who pay for childcare, 60% of them said it was ‘a huge strain on finances.’ This is corroborated by the Bevan Foundation’s survey, where 24% of parents that responded said they cannot afford the basic necessities.

In addition to difficulties relating to childcare, respondents to the Children in Wales: parents and carers’ survey reported that eligibility criteria for certain resources were restrictive and thus prevented access to support despite still having a low income, such as grants for school uniforms or specific financial benefit thresholds.

Lack of awareness of support is another barrier illustrated in the literature, for both parents and children. The Children in Wales: practitioners’ survey found that many families are not claiming all the benefits and support that they are entitled too, both UK and Wales-specific, because of a lack of awareness about what they are entitled to and how to claim them. 

Educational barriers were also cited. The Save the Children report suggests that children and young people feel that education is a ‘pathway to wider aspirations in life’ and that being able to engage with education is important in enabling them to reach their goals, however some of them said they found it difficult to engage with learning in school or found it tiring and stressful. Some expressed concern about being able to afford further and higher education in the future. 

The Food for Thought report indicated that opportunities for young people to engage in education that teaches them to challenge the systemic causes of food insecurity were limited and suggested that young people lacked awareness on how they could engage with their rights and participate politically. 

The literature highlights that access to support is not equal and that those with lived experiences of poverty suffer to varying degrees dependent on location. For example, the Save the Children report suggested that some children experience a lack of choice in activities due to having no access to venues that could provide support (e.g. a local youth club or leisure centre) and that other local spaces feel unsafe to them. In the parents and carer’s survey, many said that they were limited by their location in accessing adequate childcare and were frustrated that some families could access Flying Start support based on their postcode, but others couldn’t. Community and social experiences are important forms of support for those living in poverty, however as stated in the Children in Wales report, some children and young people can miss out. 

“Over the last couple of years, children and young people have increasingly expressed concern that they cannot afford to see their friends or family. This option has therefore been included in this year’s survey and may account for decreases in other areas, particularly around transport.” 

Children in Wales: Children and Young People survey report.

Future needs or priorities

The literature highlights a range of future needs and priorities, identified by children and young people, parents and carers, practitioners and professionals and from report authors. 

The Children in Wales: Children and Young People survey report outlines that children and young people were asked what should be done to stop poverty related bullying in school. Responses included reducing school uniform and trip costs; educating people about the causes and impact of poverty; and creating a better understanding and culture of empathy within the school. Other priorities for children included the need for secure tenancies and affordable housing, ensuring these were within safe communities and environments. 

“Improve council estates, families should be able to live safely no matter the situation. Having an unsafe home only makes matters worse.” 

Children in Wales: Children and Young People survey report.

Children in Wales: parents and carer’s survey report provided a range of views from parents for future support. In terms of education, suggestions included after school clubs and extra-curricular activities for children and many parents expressed the need for more flexible payment plans and advance notice of costs which would help families with financial planning. With regards to FSM there were also suggestions made by parents about how the scheme could be enhanced through being extended to secondary schools and covering a greater range of dietary needs.

Many parents cited help with childcare costs as crucial along with suggestions for more specialist childcare for children with ALN and physical disabilities. Better signposting to relevant support services with self-referral options and anonymity and confidentiality, more promotion of information on available support and benefit entitlements and help with debt management.  

“It's a terrible situation to be in. We need to try and educate and support families to break the cycle without judgement.”

Children in Wales: Parents and Carers survey report.

Parents also recognised the importance of local and community-based services and the need to invest in these so families can enjoy free or low-cost days out. They wanted to see more places for families to meet and free trips and activities on offer for them to access.

In the Children in Wales: Practitioners and Professionals report the overwhelming majority, regardless of their role, wanted to know how to approach poverty related issues with children and parents, how to listen to them and engage with them in a supportive way. Whilst most cited the need for training, others commented on the need for further information relating to service provision. Many comments were made around overarching welfare benefits knowledge as well as the need for detailed training on this topic. The WPCC Lifting the Lid report also recommended increased investment in training on poverty and stigma for policy makers and staff within services.

Respondents stated there was a need for guidance and information directly from Welsh Government. In particular, the need for Welsh Government to provide guidance in support of their Child Poverty Strategy (2024), around what works and how to implement it. 

“[Poverty] affects everything: concentration, ability to come to school ready to learn, difficulties with peer/friendship groups, self-esteem, confidence, aspirations, not wanting to ask for anything extra related to school; e.g. trips, equipment”. 

Children in Wales: Practitioners and Professionals survey report.

Practitioners in the Children in Wales report also cited the need for more face-to-face support, rather than remote support or ‘self-help’ along with a reduction of bureaucracy and the creation of simpler processes that are easier to navigate and understand. At a more strategic level, they suggested longer funding periods for services, considering that annual funding does not allow for strategic service planning and provision and a fully holistic approach to poverty. This should be at national and local levels and include how services are funded and how they should work collaboratively. 

In the Save the Children report there was a focus on two key areas: access to mental health support, and greater support to deal with the cost of living. ‘They emphasised the importance of ensuring that children, young people and their families have enough money and food to be able to thrive, now and in the future.’ As in other reports there were also calls for well-resourced local services, facilities for young people and families, support for health and wellbeing, and equality in education. The Food for Thought report calls for the youth work relationship to be maintained and strengthened.

There were also calls for children and young people to have more respect and agency within their lives. Save the Children found that children and young people highlighted the importance of having ‘a say in their own futures within the communities, and country they will grow up in. In doing so, they emphasised their fundamental right to be listened to as well as the unique and valuable perspective they can offer’ The Lifting the Lid report also suggested including people with lived experience of poverty in policy design and public service delivery.

“Under article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, children have the right to say what they think should happen when adults are making decisions that affect them, and to have their opinions taken into account. The children and young people we spoke to wanted the opportunity to speak to people who make decisions that affect their lives and their communities. There was a strong and consistent feeling that children and young people's views and experiences are not given enough weight, particularly when they come from areas where there are higher levels of poverty.” 

Save the Children: Power of the Voice report.

This final section presents overarching themes which appeared frequently across the evidence about lived experience of poverty. Although the documents reviewed addressed a range of distinct priorities and aims, and the survey itself focused specifically on the impact of support and any barriers to accessing it, the analysis identified a number of recurring themes that emerged across both sources.

Reality of poverty

Evidence from people with lived experience of poverty through the consultation analysis and the literature highlighted the reality of the lives of children, young people and families. 

The literature highlighted the negative social, emotional and mental health implications of poverty. A worsening financial situation, cost of living crisis, food insecurity and lack of quality housing were exacerbated by challenges for children and young people such as peer pressure, bullying, shame, poor mental health and lack of opportunities. These themes were also reflected in the consultation responses, which spoke of the stress, shame and stigma associated with living in poverty. 

Impact of support

Consultation responses show that Welsh Government and other support has had a broadly positive impact on respondents, particularly in helping them manage the cost of living and meet basic needs. 

The FSM programme has had a particularly positive impact, reflected both in consultation responses and the literature review. Respondents highlighted its role in reducing stigma around accessing a school meal and alleviating financial pressure while the literature highlighted the ‘tangible difference’ it is making. It should be noted, however, that both the consultation and the literature illustrate that FSM still does not fully address the needs of all families, particularly those with dietary or accessibility requirements.

Childcare support was widely valued by consultation respondents for its dual impact: enabling parents to work and supporting children’s development in safe, nurturing environments and providing respite and stability. Respondents mostly referred to the 30-hours Childcare Offer or Flying Start covering childcare. The literature supported these findings and noted the importance of day nurseries, breakfast and after-school clubs. Access to childcare is nonetheless uneven, with some families excluded or facing additional costs. While many benefited, other respondents and the literature described barriers to eligibility or affordability.

Foodbanks were also highlighted in consultation responses in reducing food bills and providing an additional safety net for families. Financial support schemes such as the Discretionary Assistance Fund (DAF), Council Tax Reduction, free dental and eye care, and Healthy Start Vouchers were frequently mentioned by respondents as additional and welcome areas of assistance.

Respondents also highlighted schemes such as the School Essentials Grant (informally called uniform grant by some) and the EMA, which helped reduce financial strain on families and gave young people a sense of autonomy. The literature noted the impact of Welsh Government’s School Uniform and Appearance Policy Guidance to address the costs of uniforms and indicated that this should be implemented with greater effectiveness across Wales. 

Barriers to support

However, there were also recurring points raised in the consultation and literature with regards to eligibility gaps, the stigma around poverty, and the complexity of accessing support. This was considered to be especially the case for refugees and asylum seekers, disabled individuals, and families with fluctuating and complex needs.

Consultation respondents often described multiple, interconnected impacts and barriers. These were across a range of areas related to essential goods such as food and utilities, as well as to services and amenities including debt/financial advice. The most recurring types of support which respondents reported not being able to access were related to health services, school uniform/meals/trips, transport, accommodation and childcare. 

Consultation respondents noted how transport difficulties impacted on their ability to engage with a range of services and amenities such as education, health and recreational activities. The literature also indicates that the ability to access to support is not equal and that those with lived experiences of poverty suffer to varying degrees dependent on location.

Future support

The most frequently mentioned types of support that respondents felt would make the biggest difference to them were related to public transport, improved support for children and young people regarding childcare and recreational activities, health services including mental health support, school costs and living costs. Many stressed the need for ongoing support such as school clubs and extra-curricular activities for children, particularly during school holidays when costs rise. 

The literature supported these views and suggested specific priorities such as continuing to reduce school uniform and trip costs; educating people about the causes and impact of poverty; the need for secure tenancies and affordable housing and safe communities and environments. A focus on local and community-based services was also highlighted.

With regards to universal FSM, respondents and the literature considered that the programme could be enhanced through being extended to secondary schools and covering a greater range of dietary needs. Both the literature and respondents noted the ongoing importance of access to childcare and its role in supporting families.

To address the lack of awareness of support and complications regarding eligibility highlighted by both respondents and in the literature, there were a range of suggestions. These included better signposting to relevant support services with self-referral options and anonymity and confidentiality, more promotion of information on available support and benefit entitlements and help with debt management. The literature also suggested prioritising increased investment in training on poverty and stigma for policy makers and staff within services

At a more strategic level, the literature recommended a fully holistic approach to poverty, with longer-term, more sustainable funding periods for initiatives and collaboration at local and national level to address the ongoing challenges of poverty.

Survey via organisations

List of organisations which facilitated individual and group discussions through grant funding:

• Action for Children Wales
• African Community Centre
• Blaenau Gwent Youth Service
• Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs of Wales
• Cariad Communities
• Carmarthen Foodbank and Carmarthen Community Money Advice Service (part of Towy Community Church’s Xcel Project)
• Carmarthen Youth Project (DrMz)
• County Voluntary Councils that took part (funded via WCVA):
  • Bridgend Association of Voluntary Organisations
  • Flintshire Local Voluntary Council
  • Interlink (Rhondda Cynon Taff)
  • Medrwn Môn County Voluntary Council and Mantell Gwynedd
  • Neath Port Talbot Council for Voluntary Services
  • Powys Association of Voluntary Organisations
  • Pembrokeshire Association of Voluntary Services
  • Swansea Council for Voluntary Service
• Faith in Families
• FTWW: Fair Treatment for the Women of Wales
• Futures without Borders
• GISDA
• Heol Chwarae Rol Ltd TA Role Play Lane
• KIRAN Cymru
• Kurdish All Wales Association (KAWA)
• Media Academy Cymru
• Menter Cwm Gwendraeth Elli
• Mid and North Powys Mind
• Monmouthshire Housing Association
• More than Flags and Rainbows
• Mothers Matter
• Mums and Toddlers CIC
• No Fit State Circus
• People Speak Up
• Positive Programmes
• Safer Wales Ltd
• Spectacle Theatre Ltd
• Stephens and George Charitable Trust
• Swansea Mosque and Islamic Community Centre
• The Bevan Foundation
• The Centre for African Entrepreneurship (CAE)
• The Parish Trust
• Trowbridge Community Centre
• Twyn Community Hub
• Urban Circle
• Wales Council for Deaf People
• Welsh Refugee Council (WRC)
• Women’s Advocacy Network CIC (WAN Cymru)
• Y Plant Affricanaidd CIC
• Youth Work Leadership Lab

Number of responses

There were 892 responses to the survey.

• Of these, 313 were submitted by individuals, while the remainder were group responses, either summarised by facilitators or completed by individuals within a group setting.

Not all respondents answered every question. Throughout this report, we refer to 892 ‘responses’, though the exact number of individuals who contributed is unknown.

Respondents were asked to record the local authority where the discussion or group event took place and responses were received from 19 different local authorities:

• Anglesey
• Blaenau Gwent
• Bridgend
• Caerphilly
• Cardiff
• Carmarthenshire
• Flintshire
• Gwynedd
• Merthyr Tydfil
• Monmouthshire
• Neath Port Talbot
• Newport
• Pembrokeshire
• Powys
• Rhondda Cynon Taf
• Swansea
• Torfaen
• Vale of Glamorgan
• Wrexham

Survey via organisations: copy of questions asked

Capturing lived experience

Evidence from people with lived experience of poverty provides important information about how policies and actions are making a difference for children, young people and families at a household and community level.

Welsh Government want to ask people with lived experience 3 key questions that will establish whether there have been any changes in the last 3 years that have impacted on people, what barriers people face and what could be done in the future to make a difference to people's lives.

What we would like your views on: areas for discussion (please use the Online Survey or Response Template provided to record the outcome of your discussions).

1a. Between 2022 and 2025, what types of help or support do you remember receiving? (tick all that apply)

Discretionary Assistance Fund
Single Advice Fund, accessed via Citizens Advice & their partners*
Help with Council Tax (Council Tax Reduction Scheme)
Healthy Start Vouchers
Help with home adaptations due to a disability, Disabled Facilities Grant
Foodbanks/food pantry
Fuel Bank Vouchers
Advice / Support with heating your home, Warm Homes Programme, NEST
Free / Subsidised Childcare
Further Education Learning Grant
Education Maintenance Allowance for Post 16 Education
Free School Meals (primary school)
Free School Meals (secondary school)
School Essentials Grant 
Free / Subsidised eyecare or dental treatment
Other: please specify:

* Citizens Advice and their partners, through the Single Advice Fund service, provide information and advice on a wide range of social welfare topics including benefits, debt, housing and employment.

1b. Did the support you received have any impact on you or your family (positively or negatively)? *can answer yes to both crisis and longer term

No / Unsure
Yes, immediate (crisis) support
Yes, over a longer period
If yes, how? 

The aim of this question is to establish if there have been any changes to policy / intervention that has taken place over the last 3 years has had a positive or negative affect on the lives of children/young people/families in the immediate (crisis response) or longer term (help to develop pathways out of poverty). This will help us understand if there has been any progress made since the last report.

2. Has there been any help or support that you were unable to access?

Yes / No / Unsure
If yes, what were the issues in accessing this help or support? 

The aim of this question is to establish what barriers are preventing people accessing services or getting the help that they need, examples may be: being told you aren’t eligible for specific support; difficulty in finding out what is available; transport links to be able to access services; stigma when accessing services. The results of this question could help shape our thoughts on priorities and actions moving forward to remove existing barriers where possible.

3. What help or support from Welsh Government do you consider would make the biggest difference to you over the next 3 years?

The aim of this question is to establish if there any changes that could be made that will improve the lives of children, young people and their families and their standard of living. It could provide evidence of what is valued and what is not, as well as an understanding of what assistance people may need.

A snapshot of poverty in autumn 2024

Authors: Davies, J. and Evans, S. (November 2024), Bevan Foundation

Link: A snapshot of poverty in autumn 2024

This report summarises the quantitative evidence garnered from an online survey. As the eighth report in a series, the report allows the Bevan Foundation to track people’s experiences over time. The aim of the report is to demonstrate the impact that poverty, specifically in light of the cost-of-living crisis, and to provide evidence in the form of a policy brief to the Welsh Government. The total sample size was 1,207 adults, and the fieldwork was undertaken in the form on an online survey between the 2 and 8 of September 2024.

Annual Child and Family Poverty Surveys 2024, Children and Young People: Findings Report

Author: Karen MacFarlane (2024), Children in Wales

Link: Annual Child and Family Poverty Surveys 2024, Children and Young People: Findings Report

The annual Child and Family Poverty: children and young people survey aims to give children and young people a voice and ensure their views and experiences around poverty are heard. The survey which ran from 30 April to 7 June 2024 was open to all children and young people in Wales. The survey did not ask if respondents lived in or had experience, instead it sought their views on how poverty might affect different aspects of children’s lives. A total of 250 children and young people responded, with ages ranging from under 10 years up to 25 years. The vast majority of respondents (over 90%) were made up of 10 to 13 years (60%) and 14 to 16 years (35%).

Annual Child and Family Poverty Surveys 2024 Parents/Carers: Findings Report

Authors: Fatiha Ali, Anna Westall (2024), Children in Wales

Link: Annual Child and Family Poverty Surveys 2024 Parents/Carers: Findings Report

The annual Child and Family Poverty: parents and carers survey aims to gain an insight into poverty and experiences of parents and carers. The survey ran for a period of 5 weeks from 30 April to 7 June 2024. The survey asked respondents to consider Respondents were asked to consider poverty related questions across several areas, examples of these topics include debt, barriers to accessing services, education and poverty, mental and emotional health and future support for parents. Parents and carers responded from 21 local authority areas across Wales. A total of 522 responses were received. All respondents had at least one or more children, up to a maximum of seven children living with them. The responses came from the parents' of 1084 children in total. 

Annual Child and Family Poverty Surveys 2024: Practitioners and Professionals: Findings Report 

Author: Karen McFarlane (2024), Children in Wales

Link: Annual Child and Family Poverty Surveys 2024: Practitioners and Professionals: Findings Report 

The annual Child and Family Poverty: practitioners and professionals survey aims to gain an insight into poverty and the experiences and observations of those working directly or indirectly with children, young people and families. The survey ran for a period of 5 weeks (30 April to 7 June 2024). Respondents were asked to rank poverty related issues in order of greatest impact on babies, children, young people and their families. Practitioners and professionals responded from 21 local authority areas across Wales. A total of 194 responses were received, with 82% of respondents working directly with children, young people and families. Sectors where respondents worked included Housing, Childcare, Youth Work, Early Years, Advisory Services, Families First, Health, Flying Start, Local Authority, Schools and the Third Sector.

Food for Thought: Young People and Youth Workers’ Perceptions of Food Insecurity and the Youth Work Response

Authors: O’Mahony, S.; Douglas, H.; Achilleos, J. (2024)

Link: Food for Thought: Young People and Youth Workers’ Perceptions of Food Insecurity and the Youth Work Response

Whilst not having a specifically Welsh focus, this study included UK evidence and was judged to have sufficient relevance to be included within the review.  The research presents findings from a small-scale United Kingdom-based study asking what young people’s and youth workers’ perceptions of food insecurity and the youth work response are. The aim was that these findings would provide recommendations for future practice, policy and research. Two focus groups were conducted, one with five young people and one with five youth workers.

Growing up in a low-income family: Children’s experiences

Authors: The Children’s Commissioner for England (2025)

Link: Growing up in a low-income family: Children’s experiences

Whilst not having a specifically Welsh focus, this study included UK evidence and was judged to have sufficient relevance to be included within the review. Where Wales has devolved powers and a different approach to England, e.g Free school meals policy, transport and school uniform grants, the England focussed evidence has not been included within the analysis. This study by the Children’s Commissioner aimed at exploring children’s experiences of living in poverty in order to feed into the government’s Child Poverty Taskforce. The Commissioner held focus groups and interviews and spoke to a total of 128 children and young people aged 6 to 18 years old between January and March 2025. This sample covered nine regions of England. Further to this they analysed the Big Ambitions survey which was conducted between September 2023 and January 2024. All children in England aged 6 to 17-years-old, as well as 18-year-olds in education, were invited to take part. 253,000 responses were received, either directly from children, or from adults reporting on their behalf.

Lifting the lid on poverty stigma in Wales

Authors: Dr Greig Inglis, Amanda Hill-Dixon and Josh Coles-Riley (2024), Wales Centre for Public Policy (WCPP)

Link: Lifting the lid on poverty stigma in Wales

This research aimed to find out how common received and perceived structural poverty stigma is in Wales, and which groups are more likely to report these stigmas. The research was developed in order to enhance understanding of the scale and nature of poverty stigma in order to inform actions to address it. The data was collected through the Bevan Foundation’s Winter 2024 Poverty Snapshot survey and had a response of 1,029 adults. Survey respondents were asked to provide scores for received and perceived structural stigma across items related to both types of stigma.

Power of Voice: Exploring experiences of poverty with children in Wales

Authors: Dr Chris Parker, Robyn O’Brien, and Bridget Handley (2024), Save the Children 

Main findings report link: Power of Voice: Exploring experiences of poverty with children in Wales

Interactive report link: Interactive report: A brief introduction to Research

Animation link: Power of Voice: Animation

This qualitative study aimed to gather the views of children and young people who live in communities where there are higher levels of poverty. The project aimed to find out the impacts of poverty on children’s lives and communities, what can help to mitigate these impacts, what can help children in this context and what collective actions can be taken against poverty. Between November 2023 and December 2024 the team worked with the Child Research Advisory Groups (CRAG) in Cardiff and Rhondda Cynon Taf to design the research methods. During the data collection phase four study sites were selected based on areas with highest levels of relative child poverty and multiple deprivation and eight participator workshops were carried out with children aged 11 to 16.