Wellbeing of Wales, 2023 - A globally responsible Wales

Author: Stefanie Taylor

A globally responsible Wales: A nation which, when doing anything to improve the economic, social, environmental and cultural wellbeing of Wales, takes account of whether doing such a thing may make a positive contribution to global wellbeing. This goal recognises that in an inter-connected world what we do to make Wales a sustainable nation can have positive and adverse impacts outside of Wales.

• In 2021, it was estimated that greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere directly from within Wales totalled 36.3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e), an increase of 7% from 2020.
• Consumption emissions associated with goods and services consumed by Welsh households were estimated to be 25.0 MtCO2e in 2020, a decrease of 20% from 2019.
• COVID-19 and the resulting national restrictions had significant impacts on the economy and society, which reduced greenhouse gas emissions on both a territorial and consumption basis in 2020. 
• Estimates recently produced by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) suggest that Wales’s global footprint has continued to decrease, meaning that Wales is gradually reducing the area of land needed to support its use of global resources.  
• In 2022, there were 536 referrals of potential victims of modern slavery received by police forces in Wales. This is a 12% increase compared to 2021 (479 referrals). Some of the increase in recent years is probably due to improved reporting.
• The Forced Marriage Unit gave advice or support in 6 cases related to a possible forced marriage and/or possible female genital mutilation in 2022 in Wales, which made up 2% of the UK total.
• The National Survey for Wales reported in 2021 to 2022 that 11% of adult have done three or more of the four following actions to help with global issues: donating or raising money, campaigning, volunteering, or changing what they buy.
• In 2022 to 2023, there were 23,622 entrants for the Global Citizenship Challenge at key stage 4, and 13,988 at advanced level who chose the global citizenship challenge component.
• The proportion of children who were up to date with their routine immunisations by four years of age was 84.5% for the year ending March 2023, this is a decrease compared to 87.0% for the year ending March 2022.
• In 2022 to 2023 uptake of the ‘6 in 1’ (DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB) in one year old children in Wales was 94.5%, a decrease from 95.2% the previous year.
• In 2022 to 2023 MMR uptake of one dose by two years of age decreased to 92.9%, compared to 94.2% in the previous year,, below the target uptake rate of 95%.
• At the end of March 2023, more than 2,400 asylum seekers were receiving support in Wales. The numbers receiving support have increased since the same quarter in 2021, having remained stable between 2016 and 2020, and fallen between 2020 and 2021.
• As at the end of March 2023, a total of 1,479 refugees have been resettled in Wales under the Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme (2016 to 2022) and UK Resettlement Scheme (2021 onwards).
• In 2020 to 2021, there were 21,570 enrolments for higher education institutions in Wales from international students from over 180 countries, comprising 16.6% of all enrolments.

Data for some of the national indicators suggest that progress is being made towards the globally responsible Wales goal. These include long-term improvements to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and other national indicators which overlap with the resilient Wales goal. There is a national milestone for greenhouse gases which is for Wales to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.In 2021, it was estimated that greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere directly from within Wales totalled 36.3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO₂e), a decrease of 35% from 1990. Consumption emissions associated with goods and services consumed by Welsh households were estimated to be 25.0 MtCO₂e in 2020, a decrease of 37% from 2001.    

There is also a national milestone relating to global footprint which is for Wales to use only its fair share of the world’s resources by 2050. Our global footprint is the total environmental burden that society places on the planet. Recent estimates produced by JNCC and the Global Footprint Network suggest that the global footprint per person reduced by nearly a third between 2004 and 2018. However, this remains over twice the estimated biocapacity of Wales. If the entire world population lived like the citizens of Wales, humanity would require 2.08 Earths.

On 1 January 2016, the world began implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the transformative plan of action based on 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to address urgent global challenges over the next 15 years. The SDGs emphasise a universal agenda that requires all UN member states, both rich and poor alike, to take action to support sustainable development.

There are many factors which dictate whether Wales is becoming a more globally responsible nation.

The Well-being of Future Generations Act, with its Welsh specific well-being goals, provides a framework for Wales’ contribution to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. For the most part the other six narrative reports, through their assessment of our progress towards the national well-being goals, demonstrate our overall contribution as a nation to the international sustainable development agenda. For example, we report elsewhere on national trends on issues such as poverty, inequalities and decent work. This narrative on a globally responsible Wales therefore focuses on areas that are most relevant to the global agenda in particular.

The 50 national indicators for Wales have also been mapped for indicative purposes against the 17 Sustainable Development Goals to help you navigate between progress here in Wales, and the relationship to each of the SDGs.

National Indicators: mapping to Well-being and UN Sustainable Development Goals (interactive tool)

Whilst some of the narrative is drawn from national indicators and official statistics, some of the data presented in this section is contextual and uses data or factual statements related to specific policies or programmes, where we have considered it relevant to the overall narrative. These data are not collected through official statistics sources, and although reported here for context, we cannot provide full assurance about data quality. However, where possible, more information about the data can be found in the Quality Report for National Wellbeing Indicators and the non-indicator quality report. 

Goal 13 of the UN SDGs is to “take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts”.

People in Wales are concerned about climate change.

The National Survey results for 2022 to 23 show that the vast majority (97%) of people in Wales think the world’s climate is changing. In 2022 to 2023, 74% of adults were fairly concerned or very concerned about climate change, similar to the results in 2021-22 (76%) and in 2020-21 (76%).

In 2022 to 2023, 56% of people think that climate change is mainly or entirely due to human activity. 94% think human activity is involved to some extent in the world’s climate changing.

There is a national milestone for greenhouse gases which is for Wales to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

In 2021, it was estimated that emissions released into the atmosphere directly from within Wales (known as territorial emissions) totalled 36.3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e), an increase of 7% compared to 2020.

Most of the increase in 2021 is due to increases in emissions from power stations, iron and steel production, and road transport, consistent with greater activity in these sectors following the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this increase in 2021, estimated Welsh emissions remain 6% below the 2019 pre-pandemic level.

There has been a fall of 35% since the base year (1990). This decrease was driven by efficiencies in energy generation and business sector heating, the use of natural gas to replace some coal and other fuels as well as abatement in some chemical industries. Variations in manufacturing output (for example, in iron and steel, bulk chemical production) have also had a significant impact on the trend.

The largest source of estimated emissions comes from the energy supply sector, which produces 26% of all greenhouse gas emissions in Wales. This sector is dominated by emissions from gas power stations.

The business sector is the second largest source making up 24% of Welsh emissions. This sector is dominated by the combustion of fossil fuels in industrial production, primarily from iron and steel production. This is followed by the agriculture sector (16%), the transport sector (15%), the residential sector (10%), and the industrial processes sector (6%), with other sectors each making smaller contributions of 5% or less.

These figures on territorial greenhouse gas emissions only take account of emissions within Wales. This does not include emissions associated with the production of goods and services outside of Wales even if these are imported into Wales. Equally, emissions associated with the production of goods and services in Wales are counted as Welsh emissions even if these are exported for consumption elsewhere. The coverage of this national indicator was extended in December 2021 to include Wales' share of international aviation and international shipping, this is now included as the National Communication sector 'Exports'.

Figure 7.1: Estimated Welsh territorial emissions of greenhouse gases (Mt CO2e), 1990 to 2021

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Description of Figure 7.1: The line chart shows the volume of territorial greenhouse gas emissions (megatonnes) in Wales in between 1990 and 2021. Emissions in Wales have fallen by 35% since the base year (1990), however there was an increase of 7% in emissions 2021, compared to 2020.

Source: National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory

Emissions of greenhouse gases attributed to the consumption of global goods and services in Wales

Greenhouse gas emissions associated with goods and services consumed by Welsh households (known as consumption emissions or carbon footprint) are estimated. These estimates measure the emissions directly produced by Welsh households (including heating and driving, for example), emissions that occur within the UK to produce goods and services consumed in Wales, and ‘imported’ emissions that occur in other countries to produce goods and services consumed in Wales.

Overall, consumption emissions have decreased since 2001. Between 2001 and 2020 emissions have decreased from 40.0 MtCO2e to 25.0 MtCO2e (down 37%). When comparing 2001 and 2019 to remove effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the decrease is approximately 21%. Emissions embedded within imported goods and services (consumed in Wales but produced overseas) were the largest source of emissions over this time period.

These estimates have a high degree of uncertainty because it is difficult to measure emissions embedded within imports and these data are scaled to a Welsh level using a survey with a limited sample size. Therefore, variations in annual data may not reflect actual changes to emissions and the longer term trend over time should be considered.

The territorial and consumption emissions can be considered alongside each other. These emission estimates measure different sources of emissions and use different methods, the territorial emissions use more robust data sources and methods so are more certain than consumption emissions. The consumption emissions indicator helps to identify whether decreases to emissions within Wales are being offset by emissions 'imported' from abroad. Unlike other UK nations, territorial emissions are higher in Wales than consumption emissions. This could be due to Wales having a higher level of heavy industry and non-renewable energy generation relative to population than other UK nations.

Figure 7.2: Estimated Welsh consumption emissions footprint (Mt CO2e), 2001 to 2020

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Description of Figure 7.2: The line chart shows the volume of estimated consumption emissions (megatonnes) in Wales show a general downward trend since 2001. Between 2001 and 2020, Wales’ estimated consumption emissions footprint has decreased by 37%, from 40 Mt CO2e to 25 Mt CO2e.

Source: Consumption Emissions Footprint, Wales (2001 - 2020)  (Mt CO2e), University of Leeds consumption based emissions estimate.

Our global footprint is the total environmental burden that society places on the planet. Globally, we are consuming more natural resources than the world is able to replace.

One way of measuring our global footprint and this ecological deficit is to calculate what is known as an Ecological Footprint, which represents the area of land needed to provide raw materials, energy and food as well as absorb pollution and waste created. It is measured in global hectares.  

Our global footprint is influenced by the food people eat, the way we travel and the energy we use at home. It also accounts for the purchase of products and services, from insurance to televisions to items of clothing. It also includes impacts from construction activity and investment in infrastructure.

The national milestone for this indicator is that Wales will only use its fair share of the world’s resources by 2050. A global footprint for Wales has recently been calculated by JNCC using the Ecological Footprint methodology. This is part of a wider project to improve understanding of the global environmental footprint and impacts of commodities that are consumed within Wales, but that may be produced anywhere in the world.

An Ecological Footprint was produced using two slightly different methodologies – one making use of Wales-specific data (only available for 2019), and the other using different and slightly simpler input data (apportioning UK data to Wales) to enable the production of a time series. Due to its ability to monitor change over time, the latter is being used to report progress against the national indicator and milestone.

Using the Ecological Footprint methodology, Wales’s global footprint has generally decreased from around 17.0 million global hectares (gha) in 2004 to 12.3 million gha in 2018. The global footprint per person has reduced by nearly a third over this time period, and stood at 3.9 gha per person in 2018. However, this remains over twice the estimated biocapacity of Wales. In other words, if the entire world population lived like the citizens of Wales, humanity would require 2.08 Earths.

Figure 7.3: Global footprint, global hectares (gha) per person, 2004 to 2018

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Description of Figure 7.3: A line chart showing the global footprint (gha) per person in Wales, at three or four yearly intervals between 2004 and 2018. The global footprint per person has gradually decreased over the period.

Source: Understanding the Global Environmental Footprint and Impacts of Welsh Consumption, JNCC

An alternative measure of Wales’ Ecological Footprint uses slightly higher quality input data, but does not allow for comparison over time. This footprint was around 10.7 million gha in 2019, equivalent to approximately 3.4 gha per person.

In 2021 to 2022 the National Survey for Wales, for the first time, asked people about what activities they had done to help with international issues such as poverty, human rights, war, refugees or climate change. These questions were asked prior to the war in Ukraine.

11% of those surveyed have done three or more of the four following actions to help with global issues: donating or raising money, campaigning, volunteering, or changing what they buy.

31% of people say they have donated money in the preceding three months to help with global issues. The most common issues people donated money for were international poverty (21%) and to support refugees (15%). 36% of women say they gave money, compared with 26% of men.

17% of people say they have campaigned for international issues in last 12 months to help with global issues and 5% say they have volunteered. 11% of people campaigned for human rights issues and 10% against climate change, while 2% volunteered to stop poverty and 2% to help refugees.

54% say they have changed what they buy because of global issues. People aged under 75 are more likely to have changed what they buy (57%) than people aged 75 and over (34%). People aged 25 to 44 were the group most likely to have made changes to what they buy (63%).

Referrals of potential victims of modern slavery in Wales continue to have increased in recent years.

The UN SDGs include a target on ‘Ending modern slavery and human trafficking’. Modern slavery is the term used within the UK and is defined within the Modern Slavery Act 2015. The Act categorises offences of Slavery, Servitude and Forced or Compulsory Labour and Human Trafficking.

According to the National Crime Agency (NCA), the recorded incidents of potential victims of slavery to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) or via the Duty to Notify (DtN) process continue to increase each year in Wales.

In 2022, there were 536 referrals of potential victims of modern slavery received by police forces in Wales. This is a 12% increase compared to 2021 (479 referrals).

Some increases in recent years are probably due to improved reporting and changes in how the data are recorded. In 2022, 136 of the referrals were for females (25%) and 400 were for males (75%).

There were 164 (31%) individuals referred for adult exploitation categories and 355 (66%) referred for exploitation as a minor. 17 (3%) were not specified or unknown.

The most common type of exploitation for both adults and minors was criminal.

Forced marriage or possible female genital mutilation is being identified in Wales.

Goal 5 of the UN SDGs include a target to ‘eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation’.

According to the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, the Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) gave advice or support in 6 cases related to a possible forced marriage and/or possible female genital mutilation in 2022 in Wales, which made up 2% of the UK total. This is a small decrease from 8 cases (2% of the UK total) in 2021.

Due to low numbers relative to some other parts of the UK, the trend for Wales has been volatile between 2015 and 2022. Following the introduction of the first lockdown, referrals to the FMU decreased. This may be attributable to reasons derived from the pandemic, such as restrictions on weddings and travel. A procedural change regarding whether to log a new case as a referral or a general enquiry is also likely to have had a minor impact on the overall number of cases compared with previous years and so direct comparisons should be treated with caution.

Figure 7.4: Number of cases the Forced Marriage Unit gave advice or support to in Wales, 2015 to 2022 [Note 1]

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Description of Figure 7.4: The line chart shows the Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) gave advice or support in 6 cases related to a possible forced marriage and/or possible female genital mutilation (FGM) in Wales in 2022. Due to low numbers relative to some other parts of the UK, the trend for Wales has been volatile between 2015 to 2022.

Source: Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, Forced Marriage Unit statistics 2022

[Note 1] Owing to changes in recording practices the data from 2020 are not directly comparable with the data in previous years.

The UN SDG ‘Quality Education’ recognises the importance of obtaining a quality education and all learners acquiring the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality and global citizenship.

In 2022 to 2023, there were 23,622 entrants for the Global Citizenship Challenge at key stage 4, and 13,988 at advanced level who chose the global citizenship challenge component. For key stage 4, provisional data shows 98.8% of entries achieved a level 1 pass or above, and at the advanced level, 99.0% achieved a level 3 pass or above.

Eco-Schools is the world’s largest sustainable education programme engaging millions of children across 73 countries. It is designed to empower and inspire young people to make positive environmental changes to their school and wider community, while building on their key skills, including numeracy and literacy. In Wales, Eco-Schools is run by Keep Wales Tidy with funding from Welsh Government, and is free to all state schools.

As of April 2023 there were 811 state schools with Eco-Schools Green Flag accreditation, 454 of which had reached platinum status, for long term commitment to the programme. A further 306 schools have a bronze and/or silver award, working their way towards green flag accreditation.

During the past year over 1,100 schools have engaged with Keep Wales Tidy to take steps to help the environment through Eco-Schools; My Tree, Our Forest: for Schools; Local Places for Nature; or other Keep Wales Tidy initiatives.

Young people in Wales are learning about global issues but there’s been a decline in recent years in international students attending higher education institutions in Wales.

A large number of students from a range of countries attend higher education institutions in Wales.

In 2021 to 2022, there were 25,090 enrolments from international students for higher education providers in Wales (excluding higher education enrolments at further education providers and enrolments at the Welsh national centre of the Open University). This comprises 19% of enrolments where the student’s domicile is known. Of these, 4,170 were from students of European Union domicile (3% of all enrolments), while 20,920 were from students of non-European Union domicile (16% of all enrolments). At its peak in 2010/11, there were 26,290 enrolments in higher education institutions in Wales from international students, which made up 20% of the student population.

Figure 7.5: Percentage of the student population at Welsh higher education institutions who are international students, 2007 to 2008 to 2021 to 2022 [Note 1]

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Description of Figure 7.5: The line chart shows the percentage of the student population at Welsh higher education institutions who are international students, from 2007 to 2008 to 2021 to 2022. In 2021 to 2022 there were 19% enrolments from international students.

Source: Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA)

[Note 1] Excludes enrolments at the Open University and higher education enrolments in further education institutions in Wales.

Some adults in Wales are facing food poverty and are concerned about affording food.

The UN SDG ‘Zero Hunger’ aims to end hunger and achieve food security and improve nutrition.

The 2022 to 2023 National Survey for Wales reported that 3% of households had received food from a food bank in the last 12 months with a further 3% saying they hadn’t but had wanted to. 

The survey also reported 5% of adults said there was at least one day in the previous fortnight where they had gone without a substantial meal. This was similar to 2021 to 2022 (4%).

The number of asylum seekers receiving support has remained steady in the past few years but has increased since the start of the decade.

Goal 16 of the UN SDGs is to ‘promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels’.

Complete figures for the numbers of asylum seekers and refugees who are resettled in Wales are not available. However, figures are published relating to the number of refugees resettled under the UK Resettlement Scheme (and formerly the Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme), and the number of those currently receiving asylum support.

As at the end of March 2023, a total of 1,479 refugees have been resettled in Wales under the Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme (2016-2022) and UK Resettlement Scheme (2021 onwards).

Section 95 provides support for asylum seekers who have an asylum claim or appeal outstanding and failed asylum seekers who had children in their household when their appeal rights were exhausted, and includes those in receipt of:

• (a) Dispersed accommodation: those in receipt of accommodation only, or both accommodation and subsistence.
• (b) Subsistence only: whereby the applicant receives cash to support themselves but who have found their own accommodation.

At the end of March 2023, more than 2,400 asylum seekers were receiving support in Wales. The numbers receiving support have increased since the same quarter in 2022, having remained stable between 2016 and 2020, and fallen between 2020 and 2021.

Figure 7.6: Number of asylum seekers in receipt of Section 95 support, year ending March 2004 to 2023

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Description of Figure 7.6: The line chart shows the number of asylum seekers receiving support remained steady in the years 2016 to 2020, followed by decreases until 2022, with a slight increase in 2023.

Source: Home Office Immigration statistics, year ending March 2023

In 2022 the war in Ukraine caused many people to flee the conflict. As at the end of August 2022, over 9,000 visas have been issued to people from Ukraine with a sponsor in Wales. The Welsh Government provided a “super sponsor” role to over 4,600 of these. Over 6,900 people with sponsors in Wales had arrived in the UK at the 8 August 2023.

Vaccination uptake in young children continues to be high but has decreased slightly since its highest levels, and there were decreases seen in uptake in 2022 to 2023 compared to 2021 to 2022.

The UN SDG Sustainable Development goal ‘Good Health and Well-being’ states the importance of providing access to affordable and essential medicines and vaccines. The World Health Organisation has a vision for a world without measles, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).

‘6 in 1’ DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB1 vaccine uptake (all three doses) in children reaching their first birthday decreased slightly to 94.5%, compared to 95.2% in the previous year.

MMR uptake of one dose by two years of age decreased to 92.9%, compared to 94.2% in the previous year. This is suboptimal for preventing outbreaks of measles (target uptake is 95%).

The proportion of children who were up to date with their routine immunisations by four years of age was 84.5% this year. Nationally, the percentage of children up to date with their routine immunisations by four years of age ranged from 78.4% in the most deprived quintile of LSOAs to 89.6% in the least deprived quintile of LSOAs. The difference in uptake between the least deprived quintile and the most deprived quintile was 11.2 percentage points. This is a widening of the inequality gap compared to 2021 to 2022 (8.5 percentage points). However, further work is needed to identify the root cause of these inequalities and identify interventions to reduce this gap.

Figure 7.7: Percentage uptake of childhood immunisations in Wales, 2008 to 2009 to 2022 to 2023

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Description of Figure 7.7: The line chart shows percentage uptake of MMR and the 6 in 1 vaccine from 2008-09 to 2022-23. The uptake for the '6 in 1' has remained fairly stable since 2008-09, however there have been a slight decrease in uptake each year since 2019-20. MMR uptake has decreased each year slightly since 2020-21.

Source: National immunisation uptake data, Public Health Wales

[Note 1] The ‘6 in 1’ vaccine, protects against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (Whooping Cough), polio, Hib and Hepatitis B infection. The majority of one year olds referred to in this report would have been eligible for the ‘6 in 1’ vaccine, replacing the ‘5 in 1’ vaccine due at four, eight and 12 months.

[Note 2] MMR protects against measles, mumps and rubella. Data shows uptake for the first dose at two years of age.        

The most recent stage of the COVID-19 vaccination programme was the roll out of the 2023 spring booster for all people 75 years of age and older, the severely immunosuppressed and older adults resident in a care home. At July 2023, for those aged 75 and older, and those with immunosuppression, uptake was higher in men (76.0% and 51.7%) than women (71.8% and 48.2%). This is in contrast to the pattern noted in earlier phases of the COVID-19 vaccination programme, where coverage was usually higher in females. Coverage in care home residents was 71.5% in males and 81.4% in females. Uptake was higher in the Combined White ethnic groups compared to the combined Black, Asian, Mixed and Other ethnic groups. This was the case in all of the spring booster eligibility groups. There was a 28 percentage point gap in uptake between the White (69%) and Black, Asian, Mixed and Other ethnic groups (41%).

The physical punishment of children became illegal in Wales on March 21, 2022. The results presented here for 2021 to 2022 were collected from July 2021 to January 2022, before this law came into effect.

Parents and non-parents were asked about their views on smacking children and whether they agreed or disagreed that it was sometimes necessary. There has been a shift in attitudes since this question was asked in 2019 to 2020. In 2019 to 2020, 35% of people said it was sometimes necessary to smack a child compared with 25% in 2021 to 2022, and 26% in 2022 to 2023. The proportion who strongly disagree that smacking is sometimes necessary was 39%, similar to 40% in 2021 to 2022.

In 2022 to 2023, 30% of men and 22% of women responded that it is sometimes necessary to smack a child. 75% of people aged 16 to 24 disagreed or strongly disagreed that smacking is sometimes necessary compared with 40% of people aged 75 and over.

Figure 7.8: Whether agree smacking is sometimes necessary, 2019 to 2020 to 2022 to 2023 [Note 1]

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Description of Figure 7.8: The bar chart shows whether respondents agree smacking is sometimes necessary, for the years 2019 to 2020 to 2022 to 2023. The majority of responses in 2022 to 2023 disagreed.

[Note 1] In 2019 to 2020 the survey was carried out face to face, from 2021 to 2022 the mode changed to telephone interview. 

Source: National Survey for Wales

The UN SDG ‘Sustainable Cities and Communities’ states the importance of protecting and safeguarding the world’s natural heritage.

World heritage sites are places of “outstanding universal value to the whole of humanity”. This means that their cultural and/or natural significance is so exceptional that it has special importance for people everywhere, now and in the future.

In 2021 the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales was added to the UNESCO’s World Heritage List, becoming the fourth in Wales.

This joined Blaenavon Industrial Landscape in south-east Wales, Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal in north-east Wales and the Castles and Town Walls of Edward I in Gwynedd at Caernarfon, Conwy, Beaumaris and Harlech in north-west Wales.

Figure 7.9: Map of UNESCO world heritage sites in Wales

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Description of Figure 7.9: Map showing the location of the four world heritage sites in Wales.

Source: UNESCO World heritage list

Ending physical punishment of children in Wales

UNESCO World heritage list (UNESCO)

Statistics on Ukrainians in the UK (Home Office)

Eco Schools

Keep Wales Tidy (Eco-Schools)

Climate change, National Survey for Wales

Emissions of greenhouse gases by year,  National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory

Wales Consumption Emissions Footprint

Understanding the Global Environmental Footprint and Impacts of Welsh Consumption (JNCC)

Active Global Citizenship, National Survey for Wales

National Referral Mechanism and Duty to Notify statistics UK, end of year summary 2021 (Home Office) 

Forced marriage and female genital mutilation (Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office)

Global Citizenship Education, analysis provided by WJEC (see corresponding data tables)

Percentage of the student population at Welsh higher education institutions who are international students:

• StatsWales
• HESA

Eco-Schools, data provided by Keep Wales Tidy (see corresponding data tables)

Food Poverty, National Survey for Wales

Number of asylum seekers in receipt of section 95 support in Wales (Home Office) 

Ukraine sponsorship scheme statistics, Home Office (HO) and Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC):

• Ukraine Sponsorship scheme
• Devolved Administrations at local authority level

Vaccination Coverage:

• National immunisation uptake data (Public Health Wales)
• Wales COVID-19 vaccination enhanced surveillance equality report (Public Health Wales)

Physical punishment of children, National survey for Wales