Wellbeing of Wales, 2023 - A healthier Wales

Author: Dr William Perks

A healthier Wales: A society in which people’s physical and mental wellbeing is maximised and in which choices and behaviours that benefit future health are understood.

• Data covered in this chapter now captures the impact of at least a period of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and in some cases beyond.
• Life expectancy fell in the most recent period available (2018-20), which includes part of the period of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Life expectancy is higher for women, however the proportion of life spent in good health is higher for men.
• Analysis (based on 2018 to 2020) shows that the gap in healthy life expectancy between the most and least deprived has remained wide but relatively stable, closing slightly amongst males.
• In 2022, there were 35,694 deaths from all causes, a decrease compared to the high number of deaths seen in 2020 and 2021 but still higher than the numbers recorded prior to the pandemic.
• The majority of adults and young people reported following two or more of the five healthy lifestyle behaviours.
• Pregnant women’s healthy lifestyle behaviours at initial assessment were mixed, with a lower percentage of women self-reporting as smokers, but a higher percentage recorded as obese or with a mental health condition than the previous year.
• Both adults and young people reported slightly lower but similar levels of mental wellbeing to previous years.
• Data on life satisfaction and anxiety levels for adults improved after falls seen during the pandemic but data on life satisfaction declined for young people.

Limited progress appears to have been made towards achieving the goal, with many of the healthier Wales national indicators remaining relatively stable and not showing significant change over the periods in which they are available. The pandemic has also had a dominant effect on many of the trends in the most recent data, and the implications for longer term trends is unclear. For this reason, the following long term conclusions are drawn mainly on the basis of pre-pandemic evidence.

Life expectancy had been rising since the Second World War, although at a slower pace in the past decade. However, it has fallen for the most recent period, likely reflecting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The national milestone on healthy life expectancy is to increase the healthy life expectancy of adults and narrow the gap in healthy life expectancy between the least and the most deprived by at least 15% by 2050. The data shows healthy life expectancy continues to be worse for those living in more deprived areas but has remained relatively stable between 2011-13 and 2018-20.

Over the long-term, age-standardised mortality rates have been improving, falling from 1,406 deaths per 100,000 people in 1994 to 1,087 deaths per 100,000 people in 2021. This has been negatively impacted in recent years due to the increased numbers of deaths associated with the pandemic.

The proportion of babies born with a low birth weight has remained relatively steady over the course of the time series, typically fluctuating between 5% and 6%, although it has seen a slight upward trend in recent years.

The national milestone is to increase the percentage of adults with two or more healthy behaviours to 97% by 2050. Due to the change in the mode of the National Survey for Wales, it’s not possible to compare recent trends for healthy lifestyle measures for adults. Prior to the pandemic, between 2016-18 and 2019-20 there was no significant change in the proportion of adults who reported two or more healthy lifestyle behaviours and is short of the national milestone. In 2022-23 the majority (92%) of adults reported following two or more of the five healthy lifestyle behaviours.

The national milestone is to increase the percentage of children with two or more healthy behaviours to 94% by 2035 and more than 99% by 2050. The data shows the percentage of young people meeting the national milestone in 2021 was 90% slightly higher than the 88% reported in 2019 and 2017.

The national milestone on mental wellbeing is to improve adult and children’s mean mental wellbeing and eliminate the gap in adult and children’s mean mental wellbeing between the most deprived and least deprived areas in Wales by 2050. Adult average mental wellbeing was similar compared to the year prior. However, due to the difference in collection mode, it is difficult to draw longer term comparisons for this indicator.

When measuring young people’s mental wellbeing using the new measure (SWEMWBS) for the national indicator, the average score for young people was marginally lower in 2021-22 compared to 2019-20 and 2017-18, indicating a slight fall in mental wellbeing.

Average life satisfaction had been increasing for adults since 2011-12, with slight reductions in average anxiety levels. However, the year prior to the pandemic saw a slight deterioration in levels of both life satisfaction and anxiety. This trend continued in the first year of the pandemic with levels falling below those seen in 2011-12. But more recently, improved scores were seen in 2022 compared to 2021. 

Average life satisfaction for young people has declined from 2017-18 when 85% said they were satisfied with their life, compared to 78% in 2021-22.

Housing conditions have improved in the last 10 years. The most recent Welsh Housing Conditions Survey showed that 82% of dwellings were free from the most serious (category 1) hazards in 2017-18, compared with 71% in 2008. There were improvements in all tenures

Life expectancy had been rising since the Second World War, although at a slower pace in the past decade.

Analysis shows that for both males and females, people aged around 60 to 84 years were the main contributors to increasing life expectancy, but these improvements have slowed down considerably.

Life expectancy fell in the most recent period available (2018-20), which includes part of the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to the previous period (2017-19).

Life expectancy at birth was 82 years for women and 78 years for men for 2018-20. This was a slight reduction for both males and females, following higher death rates in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Healthy life expectancy was 62 years for females and 61 years for males in 2018-20.

Figure 3.1: Index of life expectancy at birth, by sex (2001-03 = 100), 2001-03 to 2018-20

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Description of Figure 3.1: A line chart showing increases in life expectancy for males and females have stalled in recent years and in the most recent period fallen, reflecting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Source: Life expectancy, Office for National Statistics

In 2022, there were 35,694 deaths from all causes, a decrease compared to the high number of deaths seen in 2020 and 2021 but still higher than the numbers recorded prior to the pandemic.

For causes of deaths recorded in the year to date, the five-year average for 2023 has been provided for 2017-19, 2021 and 2022, providing an up-to-date comparison that is still close to representing a usual (non-pandemic year), but not including the exceptionally high number of deaths seen in 2020.

The highest number of deaths in the year-to-date (January to July 2023) were from Ischaemic heart diseases, followed by Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, both with almost double the number of deaths than any other cause of death. These have historically been the highest causes of death. COVID-19 was the ninth highest cause of death in the year-to-date after being the leading cause of death in 2020 and second in 2021.

Age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) allow for better comparisons over time and area because they account for the population size and age structure.

Based on data up to 2021, over the long-term ASMRs have been improving, falling from 1,406 deaths per 100,000 people in 1994 to 1,087 deaths per 100,000 people in 2021. However this has been negatively impacted in the latest two years due to the increased numbers of deaths associated with the pandemic.

In 2021, the ASMRs were significantly higher for males (1,272 deaths per 100,000 males) than for females (935 deaths per 100,000 females).

The most recent data on avoidable mortality is from 2020, when the rate for Wales was statistically significantly higher than all years since 2012. Around two thirds of avoidable deaths were attributed to preventable conditions, and one third to treatable conditions. Looking at broad groupings of cause of death, the leading cause of avoidable mortality was neoplasms (tumour). COVID-19 was the third leading cause.

In 2021, there were 322 drug poisoning deaths registered in Wales, and of these 210 were drug misuse deaths. The general trend in drug poisoning and drug misuse deaths in Wales has been upwards since the first statistics in 1993. The figures for 2021 are the second highest on record for drug poisoning (almost reaching the high of 2018), and the highest on record for drug misuse. Drug deaths were more common among men than women and higher rates of drug poisoning deaths were found in more deprived areas.

These figures are based on the year in which the death was registered, rather than when it occurred. Because of registration delays, around half of these deaths will have occurred in years prior to 2021. Delays in death registrations, which increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, are likely to have affected the figures.

Over the long-term, suicide rates have fluctuated from year to year but have generally been falling. At 12.7 suicide deaths per 100,000 people, 2021 registrations showed suicide rates were not statistically significantly higher than 2020, and were similar to levels seen in years before the pandemic. The non-significant increase in 2021 compared with 2020 is likely to reflect disruption to coroners’ inquests caused by the pandemic and delays in death registrations. The latest figures include deaths that occurred in 2020 and were subsequently registered in 2021.

Although a slight increase was seen in 2021, rates of alcohol specific deaths have stayed relatively stable in recent years.

Figure 3.2: Causes of death, ranked by the number of deaths registered in the year-to-date (January to July 2023), compared with the 2017-2019, 2021 and 2022 average

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Description of Figure 3.2: A dumbbell chart showing top 10 causes of death in the year-to-date, compared with the 2017-19, 2021 and 2022 average, with ischaemic heart disease the highest.

Source: Monthly mortality analysis, England and Wales, Office for National Statistics

[Note 1] The five-year average for 2023 has been provided for 2017-19, 2021 and 2022, providing an up-to-date comparison that is still close to representing a usual (non-pandemic year), but not including the exceptionally high number of deaths seen in 2020.

[Note 2] The five-year average is intended to show what is expected in a non-pandemic year. Therefore, this is not applicable for the five-year average for COVID-19.

The national milestone on healthy life expectancy is to increase the healthy life expectancy of adults and narrow the gap in healthy life expectancy between the least and the most deprived by at least 15% by 2050.

Inequalities in life expectancy and mortality remain wide.

Analysis based on 2018-20 data shows that the overall gap in healthy life expectancy between the most and least deprived areas has remained relatively stable between 2011-13 and 2018-20. In the most recent time period, this gap seems to have reduced slightly for males (13.3 years) and increased slightly for females (16.9 years).

The life expectancy gap is much narrower at 7.6 years for males and 6.3 years for females. But has been generally increasing in recent years for males and females, suggestive of growing inequality.

Males spend more of their life in good health (78.5%) compared to females (76.0%).

Further breakdowns of the gap in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy by health board and local authority can be found in the further reading section below.

The most recent data on avoidable mortality is from 2020 where the proportion of total deaths that were avoidable continued to be substantially larger in the most deprived areas compared with the least deprived areas. Avoidable deaths accounted for 37.0% of all male deaths in the most deprived areas compared with 18.9% in the least deprived areas. For females the equivalent figures were 25.7% in the most deprived areas and 14.1% in the least deprived areas.

In 2020, the absolute gap in avoidable mortality between the most and least deprived areas widened to the highest level since 2003 for males and since the data time series began for females.

Avoidable mortality rates with COVID-19 as an underlying cause of death were statistically significantly higher in the most deprived areas compared with the least deprived areas.

Figure 3.3: Absolute gap in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy between most and least deprived areas, males and females, 2011-13 to 2018-20 [Note 1]

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Description of Figure 3.3: A line chart showing absolute gap in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy for males and females between 2011-13 to 2018-20 with females having a higher life expectancy but males having a higher healthy life expectancy.

Source: Health expectancies in Wales with inequality gap, Public Health Wales

[Note 1] The gap in health expectancies is calculated as the absolute difference between the least and most deprived fifths. This is a change of method since previous health expectancies releases, to improve the stability of the measure at local authority level. The gap was previously calculated using the Slope Index of Inequality (SII). ONS continue to publish the SII at national level as part of their Health state life expectancies release (ONS).

The percentage of low birth weight babies has remained relatively steady over the course of the time series, typically fluctuating between 5% and 6%.

The lowest figures on record were recorded in 2014 and 2015. Since then there has been a slight upward trend in the number of low birth weight babies, with 2022 being the highest on record.

In 2022, a slightly higher percentage of female babies had low birth weight (6.9%) compared to male babies (5.3%). This is broadly consistent with the longer-term trend.

The proportion of live births with low birth weight or low gestational age was highest in the youngest and oldest mothers in 2022, though there are only a small number of births to mothers in these age groups. The percentage of babies with low gestational age and the percentage of babies with low birth weight has remained broadly stable across age groups over the last 10 years.

Breastfeeding has health benefits for babies and their mothers. In the last decade breastfeeding rates at birth have been increasing. The latest annual data in 2022 showed the percentage of babies breastfed at birth was around 63%. This was 1.6 percentage points higher than in 2018. Babies of older mothers are more likely to be breastfed than those of younger mothers.

Figure 3.4: Percentage of singleton births with a birth weight of under 2,500g, 2005 to 2022

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Description of Figure 3.4: A line chart showing the percentage of live singleton births with a birth weight of under 2,500g. The rate has typically fluctuated between 5% and 6% over the course of the time series, with a slight upward trend since 2014.

Source: Maternity and birth statistics, Welsh Government

In 2022, the data shows mixed results for healthy lifestyle behaviours of pregnant women at initial assessment, with a lower percentage of women self-reporting as smokers, but a higher percentage recorded as obese or as having a mental health condition than in the previous year.

In 2022, 14% of pregnant women were recorded as smokers at their initial assessment. This continues the downward trend since data was first collected in 2016 and is one percentage point lower than in the previous year. However, since 2021 nearly all data has been self-reported, rather than being carbon monoxide monitored and may impact direct comparisons prior to this.

A greater proportion of younger women were smokers at initial assessment than older women. Three out of ten (29%) women aged 16 to 19 were recorded as smokers at initial assessment compared to one in ten (10%) women aged 30 or over. Smoking rates at initial assessment have fallen over the last six years for all age groups, (other than those aged under 16, which is subject to year-to-year volatility due to the low number of women in this group).

Three out of ten (31%) pregnant women had a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater at their initial assessment. The longer-term upward trend continued as the percentage in 2022 was one percentage point higher than in the previous year and five percentage points higher than in 2016 (the first year of comparable data).

Three out of ten (30%) pregnant women reported a mental health condition at their initial assessment. This also continued a longer-term upward trend, with the latest data one percentage point higher than in the previous year, and eleven percentage points higher than in 2016 (the first year of comparable data).

The number of live births decreased marginally, continuing a declining trend broadly seen since 2010. The percentage of new-borns from each ethnic group has increased other than those from a White ethnic group (which has decreased) since 2018.

The percentage of young mothers continues to fall. Most mothers giving birth in the year were aged between 25 and 34.

The national milestones on adult and children’s healthy lifestyle behaviours are:

• to increase the percentage with two or more healthy behaviours to more than 97% for adults by 2050.
• to increase the percentage with two or more healthy behaviours to 94% for children by 2035, and to more 99% by 2050.

The National Survey for Wales has been adapted due to the pandemic, with a change in the mode of the survey (telephone interviews replacing face-to-face interviews) and changes to some questions compared with previous years. As these topics can be sensitive to such changes it is not possible to compare the results directly with data from years prior to 2020-21.

Prior to the pandemic, between 2016-18 and 2019-20 there was no significant change in the proportion of adults who reported two or more healthy lifestyle behaviours and is short of the national milestone

The data presented here is for April 2022 to March 2023.

The majority (92%) of adults reported following two or more of the five healthy lifestyle behaviours. This includes not currently smoking, drinking within weekly guidelines, eating five or more portions of fruit or vegetables the previous day, being active for 150 minutes or more the previous week and being a healthy weight. 30% of adults followed four or five of the healthy lifestyle behaviours.

There was no significant change in most lifestyle behaviours between 2021-22 and 2022-23, however there was an increase in use of e-cigarettes.

Figure 3.5: Infographic of the percentage of adults reporting following individual healthy lifestyle behaviours [Note 1]

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Source: National Survey for Wales 2022-23, Welsh Government

[Note 1] Drank within weekly guidelines includes those who do not drink.

In 2022-23, the percentage of adults with two or more healthy lifestyle behaviours was lower for males (compared with females), people aged between 45 to 64 (compared to those from younger or older age groups) and people from a more deprived area (compared with those from a less deprived area).

Due to the sample size of the National Survey for Wales, breakdowns by other protected characteristics is limited, therefore the below analysis combines 4 years of data (from 2016-17 to 2019-20) to be able to analyse these. In addition, this analysis is based on age-standardised results to take account of differences in the age profile in different groups.

Adults identifying as bisexual were more likely to report having two or more healthy lifestyle behaviours (compared with those in other sexual orientation groups) as were adults who were not disabled (compared with those who were disabled).

Adults reporting no religion were less likely to report having two or more healthy lifestyle behaviours than those in other religious groups; those identifying as Muslim were most likely to do so (although the difference compared with the Other religion group was not statistically significant) and adults who were married or in a civil partnership were more likely to report having two or more healthy lifestyle behaviours than those who were single or those who were separated or divorced.

The School Health Research Network Student Health and Wellbeing survey showed the percentage of young people (11 to 16 year olds) meeting the national milestone in 2021/22 academic year was 90%, slightly higher than the 88% reported in 2019/20 and 2017/18 academic years.

These healthy lifestyle behaviours include not smoking, never or rarely drinking alcohol, eating fruit or vegetables every day and being physically active for an hour or more per day, over the past seven days. For these underlying behaviours in 2021/22 academic year:

• 95% of young people reported that they did not smoke
• 83% of young people reported that they never or rarely drank alcohol
• 45% of young people reported that they ate fruit or vegetables every day
• 16% of young people reported that they had been physically active for an hour or more per day, over the past seven days

Between 2017/18 and 2021/22 academic years those reported that they did not smoke and that they never or rarely drank alcohol has shown slight improvements. Whereas those reporting that they ate fruit or vegetables every day or had been physically active for an hour or more per day over the past seven days have shown a slight decline.

In 2021/22 academic year, those who were younger, male (91%) and in the high family affluence group (90%) had the highest percentage of young people with two or more healthy lifestyle behaviours, compared to those who identified as neither a boy nor a girl (84%), were in the low family affluence group (89%) or were older, who had the lowest.

Reported physical activity levels declined with age in secondary school, and boys (rather than girls or young people who identified as neither a boy nor a girl) and those in the high family affluence group (rather than medium or low family affluence) were more likely to report being physically active for an hour or more per day, over the past seven days.

The percentage of young people who reported that they eat fruit or vegetables every day also declined with age in secondary school, with girls (rather than boys or young people who identified as neither a boy nor a girl) and those in the high family affluence group (rather than medium or low family affluence ) more likely to report that they eat fruit or vegetables every day.

The percentage of young people who reported that they did not smoke declined with age during secondary school. Both girls and boys (compared with young people who identified as neither a boy nor a girl) and those in the high and medium family affluence group (compared with low family affluence) were more likely to report they did not smoke.

The percentage of young people who reported that they never or rarely drank alcohol fell with age during secondary school. Both girls and boys (compared with young people who identified as neither a boy nor a girl) and those in the low family affluence group (compared with high and medium family affluence) were more likely to report that they never or rarely drank alcohol.

Figure 3.6: Percentage of young people aged 11 to 16 following selected healthy behaviours, 2017/18 (academic year) to 2021/22

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Description of Figure 3.6: A line chart showing minor improvements or a stable trend in percentage of young people who are non smokers, active every day, eat fruit and vegetables every day and never or rarely drink alcohol, between 2017/18 and 2021/22 academic years. 

Source: School Health Research Network Student Health and Wellbeing Survey

The national milestone on mental wellbeing is to improve adults’ and children’s mean mental wellbeing and eliminate the gap in adults’ and children’s mean mental wellbeing between the most deprived and least deprived areas in Wales by 2050

The National Survey for Wales has been adapted due to the pandemic, with a change in the mode of the survey (telephone interviews replacing face-to-face interviews) and changes to some questions compared with previous years. Adults were asked about their mental wellbeing and results were scored using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS). A higher score (58 to 70) suggests high mental wellbeing, while scoring 44 or lower suggests having a low mental wellbeing. Scoring between 45 and 57 suggests the person has medium mental wellbeing.

The overall average WEMWBS score in 2022-23 was 48, meaning on average responders had medium mental wellbeing. This is a similar average WEMWEBS score to that in 2021-22.

When looking at the breakdowns of responder scores, 32% of adults scores corresponded to a low mental wellbeing, 55% to a medium mental wellbeing and 13% to a high mental wellbeing.

On average younger adults have lower mental wellbeing (with those aged 16 to 24 having a WEMWBS score of 47) than those aged 65 and over (WEMWBS score of 51).

Adults who described their general health as bad or very bad had an average WEMWBS score of 39, which was lower than for people with better general health.

Adults who say they are lonely also have lower mental wellbeing on average (WEMWBS score of 39) than those who are sometimes lonely (WEMWBS score of 47) or never lonely (WEMWBS score of 52).

These interactions with age and health show the same trend as previous years, but the change in mode should also be considered when comparing the results.

Average life satisfaction had been increasing for almost a decade since 2011-12, accompanied with slight reductions in average anxiety levels. However, in 2020-21 life satisfaction and anxiety levels deteriorated to levels worse than those seen in 2011-12, likely due to impacts from the pandemic. In 2021-22 scores improved for both life satisfaction and anxiety, undoing some of the decline seen in 2020-21 but has not returned to pre-pandemic levels.

Figure 3.7: Headline measures of personal well-being (average scores out of 10), 2012 to 2022

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Description of Figure 3.7: A line chart showing increasing scores for life satisfaction, feeling worthwhile, feeling happy and reducing scores for feeling anxious from 2012 to 2019, before a fall in 2020 to 2021. But improved scores were seen in 2022 compared to 2021.  

Source: Annual Population Survey, Office for National Statistics

The underlying measure used to calculate the national indicator for children’s mental well-being has changed compared to previous updates of the Wellbeing of Wales report. This indicator is now calculated using the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS) using the School Health Research Network Student Health and Wellbeing Survey. The indicator was previously measured using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). This change has been made as SWEMWBS, which captures both a person’s happiness and the extent to which a person is fully functional, is better aligned to the national indicator compared to the SDQ, which is a screening questionnaire for measuring psychological strengths and difficulties. The new measure also aligns better with the measure used for adults’ mental well-being (WEMWBS).

When measuring children’s mental wellbeing using the new measure (SWEMWBS) for the national indicator, the average SWEMWBS score for young people (11-16 year olds) was marginally lower in the 2021/22 academic year (23), compared to 2019/20 and 2017/18 academic years (both 24) indicating a slight fall in mental wellbeing. A higher overall SWEMWBS score is indicative of more positive mental wellbeing. Scores from the SWEMWBS is based on a shorter set of questions to the adult WEMWBS and so scores are not directly equivalent.

Breakdowns by gender, showed those self-identifying as neither a boy nor a girl reported the lowest mental wellbeing, and girls reported lower mental wellbeing than boys. Mental wellbeing scores also declined with age and were lowest in the low family affluence group.

78% of young people rated their life satisfaction as 6 or above on the Cantril Ladder (where scores range from 0 to 10, and a score of 6 or above was defined as high life satisfaction) in the 2021/22 academic year, showing a declining trend from the 2017/18 academic year when 85% of young people rated their life satisfaction as 6 or above.

Boys (85%) were more likely than girls (74%) to be satisfied with their life, while life satisfaction was markedly lower among young people who identified as neither a boy nor a girl (43%).

Life satisfaction also declined with age and was lowest in the low family affluence group.

Further data on health behaviour in school-aged children is available from the School Health Research Network Student Health and Wellbeing Survey.

Figure 3.8: Percentage of young people aged 11-16 satisfied with their life, 2017/18 (academic year) to 2021/22

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Description of Figure 3.8: A line chart showing a decline in the life satisfaction of  young people aged 11 to 16, between 2017/18 and 2021/22 academic years. 

Source: School Health Research Network Student Health and Wellbeing Survey

A range of factors are important to everyone's health. For example employment, air pollution and housing all impact on overall health outcomes.

Housing conditions in Wales have improved over the last 10 years, reducing the potential risk to the health of occupants.

The most recent Welsh Housing Conditions Survey (WHCS) showed that 82% of dwellings were free from the most serious (category 1) hazards in 2017-18, compared with 71% in 2008. There were improvements in all tenures.

The Welsh Government also collects data on Housing Health and Safety Rating System (HHSRS) assessments carried out by local authorities. The latest data shows that in 2021-22, 71% of local authority HHSRS assessments were free from category 1 hazards. Local authority HHSRS assessments are generally carried out in the private rented sector and only under particular circumstances (for example, when a complaint is received about a dwelling). For this reason, data on local authority HHSRS assessments is not directly comparable with the results of the WHCS.

Health expectancies in Wales with inequality gap profile (Public Health Wales)

Previous Well-being of Wales reports, have included further analysis of:

• cancer survival
• problematic social media use

This report covers a wide range of subjects, and therefore in this report it is only possible to consider high level measures of progress. More in depth analysis of many of these topics are available through the range of statistical releases published by Welsh Government, the Office for National Statistics or other statistical producers.

The following data sources were used in this narrative.

Alcohol-specific deaths in the UK (Office for National Statistics)

Annual personal well-being estimate (Office for National Statistics)

Avoidable mortality in Great Britain (Office for National Statistics)

Breastfeeding data

Deaths involving COVID-19 by local area and socioeconomic deprivation (Office for National Statistics)

Deaths registered in England and Wales (Office for National Statistics)

Deaths registered summary statistics (Office for National Statistics)

Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales (Office for National Statistics)

Health expectancies in Wales with inequality gap (Public Health Wales)

Life expectancy for local areas of the UK (Office for National Statistics)

Life expectancy and mortality in Wales (Public Health Wales)

Maternity and birth statistics

Monthly mortality analysis, England and Wales (Office for National Statistics)

National Survey for Wales

Socioeconomic inequalities in avoidable mortality in Wales (Office for National Statistics)

Student Health and Wellbeing Survey (School Health Research Network)

Suicides in England and Wales (Office for National Statistics)

Welsh Housing Conditions Survey (assessment of elements of the Welsh Housing Quality Standard)

Housing hazards and licences